type I: avulsion of anterior glenoid margin; type II: transverse or oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting inferiorly; type III: oblique fracture through glenoid fossa exiting superiorly and associated with acromioclavicular joint injury; type IV: transverse fracture exiting through the medial scapular border There is no fracture line or visible cortical injury. CT. CT is the best modality for identifying an occipital condyle fracture 6. Mechanism. Classification. Pathology Mechanism. radial head dislocation. Anderson and D'Alonzo Le Fort fractures are fractures of the midface, which collectively involve separation of all or a portion of the midface from the skull base.In order to be separated from the skull base, the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone need to be involved as these connect the midface to the sphenoid bone dorsally. On plain film, dorsal avulsion injuries are best detected on a lateral projection, where typically an avulsed flake of bone is identified lying posteriorly to the triquetral bone (see pooping duck sign). Tibial tuberosity avulsion fractures are uncommon. Classification. The two main components of the A dedicated plain radiographic series investigating the scaphoid exists, consisting of four projections of the scaphoid bone. The explanation is that on the lateral radiograph the fibula projects in the middle of the tibia. A syndesmotic screw has to be inserted.. Tillaux fracture. Radiographic features. On the lateral view and also on the AP- and Mortise views, which will be shown in the paragraph on tertius fractures, this fracture was not visible. It should be noted that cartilaginous injuries cannot be detected radiologically and that imaging of simple nasal bone fractures often adds little to patient management. Classification. There is usually an accompanying fracture of a paired bone, e.g. may miss up to 50% of rib fractures even with dedicated oblique rib projections 1; Ultrasound Terminology. Conveniently the Salter-Harris types can be remembered by the mnemonic SALTR.. type I. slipped; 5-7%; fracture plane passes all the way through the In some cases, there may be dislocation of the paired bone, e.g. Classification. Due to the aforementioned characteristics, the fracture typically resembles: Salter-Harris 3 fracture on AP Salter-Harris 2 fracture on lateral Small dislocations and the vertical fracture itself are frequently overlooked, and CT is advised if there is concern. Epidemiology These fractures have an incidence 0.4% to 2.7%, and males are affected more-so than females. Radiographic features. Classification. Treatment and prognosis. They should not be confused with fatigue fractures which are due to abnormal stresses on normal bone, or with pathological fractures, the result of diseased, weakened bone due to focal pathology The Schenck classification categorizes knee dislocation based on the pattern of multiligamentous injury and is the usual system used by sports medicine physicians; it has superseded the older position (Kennedy) classification system. In addition to reporting the presence of the fracture a number of features should be sought and in many instances commented upon as relevant negatives: Classification. Epidemiology. Associations This system divides tibial plateau fractures into six types: Schatzker I: wedge-shaped pure cleavage fracture of the lateral tibial plateau, originally defined as having less than 4 mm of depression or displacement Schatzker II: splitting and depression of the lateral tibial plateau; namely, type I fracture with a depressed component (generally Disruption of the transverse atlantal ligament (transverse band of the cruciform ligament ) was also described by Dickman and incorporated into classifying these injuries. See: Mayo classification of scaphoid fractures. Occipital condyle fractures are rarely evident by x-ray 5,6. Although it appears complicated, Radiographic features Plain radiograph. The x-ray beam is not parallel to the fracture line. Looser zones are also a type of insufficiency fracture. It is also known as backfire fracture or lorry driver fracture 1. The CT demonstrates a large tertius fracture. The Bado classification is used to subdivide the fracture-dislocation into four types which all have different treatment options and prognoses and is based on the principle that the direction in which the apex of the ulnar fracture points is the The Frykman classification of distal radial fractures is based on the AP appearance and encompasses the eponymous entities of Colles fracture, Smith fracture, Barton fracture, chauffeur fracture.. It can be identified as a bone discontinuity at the posterior tibial articular surface (lateral radiograph view). The mechanism of injury is variable, and can occur both during flexion or extension, and with or without compression 5. radius, and this is usually diaphyseal (either greenstick or complete). Fracture of the coronoid process is thought to result from elbow hyperextension with either avulsion of the brachialis tendon insertion or shearing off by the trochlea 1.. The Lisfranc ligament attaches the medial cuneiform to the 2 nd metatarsal base via three bands, the dorsal ligament, interosseous This term is often incorrectly used to indicate any type of tibial stress injury but more correctly refers to the earlier manifestations of a tibial stress lesion before a fracture component can be Pathology Anatomy. Fractures are best visualized on coronal and sagittal reformatted images. The Lisfranc joint articulates the tarsus with the metatarsal bases, whereby the first three metatarsals articulate respectively with the three cuneiforms, and the 4 th and 5 th metatarsals with the cuboid.. Lateral patellar dislocation refers to lateral displacement followed by dislocation of the patella due to disruptive changes to the medial patellar retinaculum. Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS), also known as shin splints, describes a spectrum of exercise-induced stress injury that occurs at the medial tibial mid-to-distal shaft. Practical points. Falls, motor vehicle collisions, pedestrian accidents, cycling and diving are common causes of injury 6,7. An elongated lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus is referred to as a Stieda process, so occasionally these fractures are described as Stieda process fractures.. A Cedell fracture is a fracture of the medial tubercle of the posterior process. CT. The fracture is easy to recognize on plain film. Trauma surgeons tend to use a different classification based on the energy and velocity of the trauma 5. Cervical spine fractures can occur secondary to exaggerated flexion or extension, or because of direct trauma or axial loading.. Coronoid process fractures have been classified into three types within the Regan and Morrey classification system 1:. Classification. type I: non-displaced 2; type II: upward displacement of the posterior aspect of the avulsed tibial bone fragment 2; type III: totally displaced avulsed bone fragment 2; Radiographic features. The Gehweiler classification describes injuries of the atlas with a burst or type 3 injury defining the pattern seen in a Jefferson fracture. avulsion fracture of the insertion of superficial fibers of MCL: 5 cm below the joint line; avulsion of the lateral collateral ligament: origin of LCL: above popliteal groove; conjoined tendon: fibular head below the tip, biceps femoris and insertion of LCL avulsion fracture; arcuate ligament complex avulsion fracture (arcuate sign) Segond fracture Classification. Since its inception in 2005, Radiopaedia has grown to become one of the most important medical resources for literally millions of individuals from around the world, particularly those from low and middle-income regions who do not have access to traditional pay-wall resources. This combination of findings implicate that the ankle is unstable. The Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures is probably the most frequently used system along with the AO classification of proximal humeral fractures.The terminology and factors which influence the classification are essential for the utility of radiology reports of proximal humeral fractures.. Terminology. Dorsal avulsion fracture. These type of fractures are more common in children, especially aged 5-10 years, due to the elasticity of their bones. Although traditionally the mandible and base of skull are thought to form a complete bony ring, interrupted only by the TMJs.This should mean that the mandible should fracture in two places (akin to the bony pelvis) making single fractures uncommon, but this in fact not the case, with ~40% of Males are affected more commonly than females with a median age of injury of 56 years. Maybe the fracture is seen on the AP-view as indicated by the red arrows, but this is questionable. Treatment and prognosis orbital blow-out fracture; frontal process of the maxilla; Nasal septal hematoma should also be actively assessed. The Salter-Harris classification was proposed by Salter and Harris in 1963 1 and at the time of writing (June 2016) remains the most widely used system for describing physeal fractures.. Minimally displaced fractures can be treated with either cast immobilization or an upper arm splint, with a 50% of resulting in a pseudoarthrosis 3 . Typically, Monteggia fracture-dislocations occur as the result of a fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) 4.. intra-articular glenoid fracture. type 1: avulsion of the tip of the A Shepherd fracture refers to a fracture of the lateral tubercle of the posterior process. Patella baja, also known as patella infera, is an abnormally low lying patella, which is associated with restricted range of motion, crepitations, and retropatellar pain. Epidemiology. It is positionally different from the wrist series. In the spring of 2020, we, the members of the editorial board of the American Journal of Surgery, committed to using our collective voices to publicly address and call for action against racism and social injustices in our society. The imaging modality of choice, permitting identification of; Insufficiency fractures are a type of stress fracture, which are the result of normal stresses on abnormal bone. Galeazzi fracture-dislocations are unstable requiring surgical intervention, which involves open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of the radial fracture, intraoperative assessment of the distal radioulnar joint for reducibility and stability, and subsequent Kirschner wire fixation of the ulna to the radius, triangular fibrocartilage complex CT or MR may be more sensitive than conventional radiographs for detection of avulsion injuries. Notice that there is also an avulsion at the tibial insertion of the anterior syndesmosis, i.e. It is interesting to note that the word chauffeur comes from the French for "someone who warms" the car engine. Rarely, a torus fracture may refer to the fracture of an oral torus, and there is potential for the two terms to be confused 10. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) avulsion fracture or tibial eminence avulsion fracture is a type of avulsion fracture of the knee. Odontoid process fracture, also known as a peg or dens fracture, occurs where there is a fracture through the odontoid process of C2. There are two classification systems 5,6. Sometimes the fractures may not seem very apparent on x-ray if there is no displacement. The Le Fort classification system attempts to distinguish according to A lateral cervical spine radiograph is commonly obtained to screen for cervical spine injury in the setting of trauma. It assesses the pattern of fractures, involvement of the radioulnar joint and presence of a distal ulnar fracture.. Radiopaedia.org, the online collaborative radiology resource. Impact. This typically involves separation of the tibial attachment of the ACL to variable degrees. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. Pathology. Mandibular fractures are relatively common especially among young men. Usually, this kind of fracture occurs as the result of a fall on an outstretched arm and is often associated with a distal radius fracture. An undisplaced fracture, particularly in the non-dominant arm of a non-athlete can be treated conservatively (three weeks in an upper arm splint) with good results 2,3. cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): rib fracture occurs in 1 in 3 5; fetal rib fractures: caused by skeletal dysplasias; radiation-induced rib fractures 8,9; spontaneous: spontaneous rib fracture; Radiographic features Plain radiograph. 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