It is a rare-earth element and the eleventh member of the lanthanide series.It is a relatively soft, silvery, fairly corrosion-resistant and malleable metal.Like a lot of other lanthanides, holmium is too reactive to be found in native form, as pure holmium slowly forms a yellowish oxide coating when Gadolinium may prove useful the fridges of the future due to a process known as magnetic refrigeration or adiabatic demagnetisation. [103] Since the tennessine p electron bonds are two-thirds sigma, the bond is only two-thirds as strong as it would be if tennessine featured no spinorbit interactions. [62], Using Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements, element117 should be known as eka-astatine. This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by the German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two additional elements in the tantalite sample, and he named them after the children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe, the goddess of tears), and pelopium (from Pelops). To date, 34 synthetic radioisotopes of the element have been characterized, ranging in mass number from 149 to 184; the most stable such isotopes are lutetium-174 with a half-life of 3.31 years, and lutetium-173 with a half-life of 1.37 years. (If he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach, and if he reached for the fruit, the branches moved out of his grasp. This led to the nuclear charge, or atomic number of an element, being used to ascertain its place within the periodic table. Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Db and atomic number 105. [51], Hafnium is used in alloys with iron, titanium, niobium, tantalum, and other metals. It is given by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain. Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. [10], Lutetium's compounds always contain the element in the oxidation state +3. They presumed that it was a subchloride (Rb2Cl); however, the product was probably a colloidal mixture of the metal and rubidium chloride. [45], Dysprosium iodide and dysprosium bromide are used in high-intensity metal-halide lamps. [51] The obtained data from the experiment was sent to the LLNL for further analysis. So offering the potential to save our lives and the environment - quite an element. [28] Recent supercomputer simulations suggest a hafnium alloy with a melting point of 4,400K.[29], In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements, in 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev had implicitly predicted the existence of a heavier analog of titanium and zirconium. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element.The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 12.7 seconds. sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from a eutectic molten salt solution. [28], Chemical element, symbol Lu and atomic number 71, Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see, International Commission on Atomic Weights, "Mendeleev's Periodic Table Is Finally Completed and What To Do about Group 3? )[59], In May2016, Lund University (Lund, Scania, Sweden) and GSI cast some doubt on the syntheses of elements115 and 117. that dysprosium will be one of the main objects of geopolitical competition in a world running on renewable energy. [73][74] Tennessine is the second-heaviest element created so far, and all its known isotopes have half-lives of less than one second. But this perspective has been criticised for failing to recognise that most wind turbines do not use permanent magnets and for underestimating the power of economic incentives for expanded production. [28] As of November2018[update] the Browns Range Project pilot plant, 160km south east of Halls Creek, Western Australia is producing 50 tonnes (49 long tons) per annum. Compounds that contain this metal are rarely encountered by most people. The family of elements that we call the lanthanides, or lanthanoids, have a somewhat random selection of names. [15], In 1878, erbium ores were found to contain the oxides of holmium and thulium. Instead of requiring the input oxide and output metal to be in liquid form, tantalum electrolysis operates on non-liquid powdered oxides. These values were determined using several different methods. [41] USGS data published in January 2021 indicated that close to 40% of the world's tantalum mine production came from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with another 18% coming from neighboring Rwanda and Burundi. These are all considered stable, although 156Dy can theoretically undergo alpha decay with a half-life of over 11018years. "[67], In March2016, the discovery team agreed on a conference call involving representatives from the parties involved on the name "tennessine" for element117. Upper Crust Concentration (UCC) and the Nb/Ta ratio in the upper crust and in minerals are available because these measurements are useful as a geochemical tool. These compounds can be reduced using either calcium or lithium metals in the following reactions:[11], The components are placed in a tantalum crucible and fired in a helium atmosphere. The role of the element in humans, animals and plants. But like most other lanthanides and indeed transition metals, it has several unpaired electrons, giving it interesting magnetic properties. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. [28] In basic media, Ta can be solubilized due to the formation of polyoxotantalate species. [83] As such, an extrapolation based on periodic trends would predict tennessine to be a rather volatile metal. Subsequent to removal of the niobium, the solution of purified H2[TaF7] is neutralised with aqueous ammonia to precipitate hydrated tantalum oxide as a solid, which can be calcined to tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5).[57]. [82][n] For tennessine, being in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table, continuing the trend would predict a valence electron configuration of 7s27p5,[3] and it would therefore be expected to behave similarly to the halogens in many respects that relate to this electronic state. Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. [18], The name tantalum was derived from the name of the mythological Tantalus, the father of Niobe in Greek mythology. [99] This ability weakens as atomic weight increases going down the group; tennessine would be the least willing group 17 element to accept an electron. It is used in tantalum capacitors for electronic equipment such as computers. [37][38], Aside from stable lutetium, its radioactive isotopes have several specific uses. It is one of the rarest and most expensive of the rare earth metals with the price about US$10,000 per kilogram, or about one-fourth that of gold. [36] Since then, the most important use of rubidium is research and development, primarily in chemical and electronic applications. Click here to view videos about Gadolinium, Its Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, it is considered the second-densest naturally occurring metal (after osmium) with a density of 22.56 g/cm 3 (0.815 lb/cu in) as defined by experimental X-ray crystallography. All the evidence suggests that it is quite safe, but at present its use in pregnant women is discouraged, largely because its safety for the foetus has not been proved. This substitution would require up to 100grams of dysprosium per electric car produced. [16], A major source of zircon (and hence hafnium) ores is heavy mineral sands ore deposits, pegmatites, particularly in Brazil and Malawi, and carbonatite intrusions, particularly the Crown Polymetallic Deposit at Mount Weld, Western Australia. Like other rare-earth metals, lutetium is regarded as having a low degree of toxicity, but its compounds should be handled with care nonetheless: for example, lutetium fluoride inhalation is dangerous and the compound irritates skin. These values were determined using several different methods. [12], Because of production difficulty and high price, lutetium has very few commercial uses, especially since it is rarer than most of the other lanthanides but is chemically not very different. Concerns that the proposed symbol Ts may clash with a notation for the tosyl group used in organic chemistry were rejected, following existing symbols bearing such dual meanings: Ac (actinium and acetyl) and Pr (praseodymium and propyl). [92] The +5 state is predicted to be uncommon because the 7p1/2 electrons are oppositely stabilized. Due to its high density, shaped charge and explosively formed penetrator liners have been constructed from tantalum. [69], Care needs to be taken when machining hafnium because it is pyrophoricfine particles can spontaneously combust when exposed to air. [72] However, researchers in the 1960s suggested that the closed nuclear shells around 114protons and 184neutrons should counteract this instability, creating an "island of stability" where nuclides could have half-lives reaching thousands or millions of years. Based on the toxicity of dysprosium chloride to mice, it is estimated that the ingestion of 500grams or more could be fatal to a human (c.f. Dysprosium fires cannot be extinguished with water. [43], In February2005, the leader of the JINR team Yuri Oganessian presented a colloquium at ORNL. Density is the mass of a substance that would fill 1 cm. [69] The naming ceremony for moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson was held on 2 March 2017 at the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow; a separate ceremony for tennessine alone had been held at ORNL in January 2017.[70]. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. [63] Many scientists in the field called it "element117", with the symbol E117, (117), or 117. Its compounds are useful in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly in diagnosing cancerous tumours. [73], Tantalum receives far less attention in the environmental field than it does in other geosciences. [19] The scientists proposed different names for the elements: Urbain chose neoytterbium and lutecium,[20] whereas Welsbach chose aldebaranium and cassiopeium (after Aldebaran and Cassiopeia). Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements.It has six naturally occurring isotopes. Nevertheless, this is longer than the values predicted prior to their discovery: the predicted lifetimes for 293Ts and 294Ts used in the discovery paper were 10ms and 45ms respectively, while the observed lifetimes were 21ms and 112ms respectively. [5], Chemical element, symbol Dy and atomic number 66, Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see, lethal dose of 300 grams of common table salt, "Wherefore Gadolinium? The experiment itself was repeated successfully by the same collaboration in 2012 and by a joint GermanAmerican team in May 2014. At levels of 50mg/m3, hafnium is immediately dangerous to life and health.[71]. The Chemical Abstracts Service registry number is a unique identifier of a particular chemical, designed to prevent confusion arising from different languages and naming systems. No lutetium-dominant minerals are currently known. It is the second-most electropositive element, behind only caesium, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element. [25], Tantalum has been examined theoretically as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is the better-known hypothetical salting material). [35], Neodymiumironboron magnets can have up to 6% of the neodymium substituted by dysprosium[36] to raise the coercivity for demanding applications, such as drive motors for electric vehicles and generators for wind turbines. A magnetic fridge has actually been constructed making use of gadolinium's ability to do this. As a consequence of lanthanide contraction, the chemistry of hafnium and zirconium is so similar that the two cannot be separated on the basis of differing chemical reactions. Because of dysprosium's high thermal-neutron absorption cross-section, dysprosium-oxidenickel cermets are used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors. [49][50][51][52] The United States Geological Survey reports in its yearbook that this region produced a little less than 1% of the world's tantalum output in 20022006, peaking at 10% in 2000 and 2008. Thin foils of the substance can also be ignited by sparks or by static electricity. Dubnium does not occur naturally on Earth and is produced artificially. Alkarb contained 21% rubidium, with the rest being potassium and a small amount of caesium. The heaviest[c] atomic nuclei are created in nuclear reactions that combine two other nuclei of unequal size[d] into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of mass, the greater the possibility that the two react. The availability of suitable substitutes for a given commodity. Californium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Cf and atomic number 98. The higher the value, the larger risk there is to supply. A measure of how difficult it is to compress a substance. [43][44], It is estimated that tantalum resources will run out around 2060, based on extraction at current rates, demonstrating the need for increased recycling. This is calculated by combining the scores for crustal abundance, reserve distribution, production concentration, substitutability, recycling rate and political stability scores. In the annealed condition, tantalum is extremely ductile and can be readily formed as metal sheets. Listen to the audio pronunciation in English. Mendelevium is a synthetic element with the symbol Md (formerly Mv) and atomic number 101. [53] The isotopes were formed as follows:[54][m], All daughter isotopes (decay products) of element117 were previously unknown;[54] therefore, their properties could not be used to confirm the claim of discovery. One of its daughter isotopes was created directly in 2011, partially confirming the results of the experiment. Now, next week, we go back to the importance of naming an element, but also its pronunciation. [47][48], The trivalent dysprosium ion (Dy3+) has been studied due its downshifting luminescence properties. Because the 7s electrons are greatly stabilized, it has been hypothesized that tennessine effectively has only five valence electrons. [76] Some values on dissolved concentrations in oceans have been published, but they are contradictory. [27], Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. Roentgenium is a chemical element with the symbol Rg and atomic number 111. The number of atoms of the element per 1 million atoms of the Earths crust. You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by. The most stable of these is expected to be 296Ts with an alpha-decay half-life of 40milliseconds. Astatine is a chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. A metallic radioactive transuranium element in the actinide series, it is the first element by atomic number that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities by neutron bombardment of lighter elements.It is the third-to-last actinide and the ninth transuranic element. However, going down group17, the metallicity of the elements increases; for example, iodine already exhibits a metallic luster in the solid state, and astatine is expected to be a metal. [15] The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the beam of lighter nuclei. [45], Hafnium was separated from zirconium through repeated recrystallization of the double ammonium or potassium fluorides by Valdemar Thal Jantzen and von Hevesey. Francium is a chemical element with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. [48], The experiment began in late July2009. It is a rare-earth element in the lanthanide series with a metallic silver luster. It is also prepared by reducing anhydrous gadolinium fluoride with calcium metal. Allotropes Lutetium dissolves readily in weak acids[13] and dilute sulfuric acid to form solutions containing the colorless lutetium ions, which are coordinated by between seven and nine water molecules, the average being .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}[Lu(H2O)8.2]3+.[15]. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO 4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO 3).The name barium Some are named after gods, such as cerium; some like europium are named after places; and others including gadolinium, the star of this podcast, derive their names from scientists. In the periodic table of the elements, it is [42] On its arrival in Russia in June 2009, the berkelium was immediately transferred to Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (RIAR) in Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblast, where it was deposited as a 300-nanometer-thin layer on a titanium film. It can be commercially prepared from these minerals by ion exchange and solvent extraction. The temperature at which the solidliquid phase change occurs. Zircon also has an extremely low Lu/Hf ratio, making any correction for initial lutetium minimal. A vertical column in the periodic table. MRI is a routine non-invasive clinical method used to produce two-dimensional images of our tissues or organs for diagnostic purposes. These compounds dissociate near the hot center of the lamp, releasing isolated dysprosium atoms. Iridium is a chemical element with the symbol Ir and atomic number 77. (2013). It is the rarest naturally occurring element in the Earth's crust, occurring only as the decay product of various heavier elements. [8] When entering a chemical reaction, the atom loses its two outermost electrons and the single 5d-electron. [32], Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials and commercial lighting. Lutetium occurs on the Earth in form of two isotopes: lutetium-175 and lutetium-176. The high density of tantalite and other tantalum containing minerals makes the use of gravitational separation the best method. This is the British English definition of francium. The oxidation state of an atom is a measure of the degree of oxidation of an atom. If you are in any doubt, please ask. Tantalum is also highly bioinert and is used as an orthopedic implant material. The end product of the separation is hafnium(IV) chloride. Since it resists attack by body fluids and is nonirritating, tantalum is widely used in making surgical instruments and implants. [27], Tantalum forms compounds in oxidation states III to +V. Tantalum is extremely inert and is therefore formed into a variety of corrosion resistant parts, such as thermowells, valve bodies, and tantalum fasteners. Now, next week, we go back to the importance of naming an element, but also its pronunciation. And in any case, tantalum appears to be present in natural waters mostly as particulate matter rather than dissolved. Although Ta occurs as various minerals, it is conveniently represented as the pentoxide, since most oxides of tantalum(V) behave similarly under these conditions. Rubidium forms peroxides on exposure even to a small amount of air diffused into the oil, and storage is subject to similar precautions as the storage of metallic potassium. Bunsen and Kirchhoff began their first large-scale isolation of caesium and rubidium compounds with 44,000 litres (12,000USgal) of mineral water, which yielded 7.3grams of caesium chloride and 9.2grams of rubidium chloride. [49] Rubidium is also used as an ingredient in special types of glass, in the production of superoxide by burning in oxygen, in the study of potassium ion channels in biology, and as the vapor in atomic magnetometers. The first refinery has enough capacity to supply 34% of annual global demand. The Wodgina mine was reopened in January 2011 after mining at the site was suspended in late 2008 due to the global financial crisis. Period Hafnium changes from its alpha form, a hexagonal close-packed lattice, to its beta form, a body-centered cubic lattice, at 2388K.[9] The physical properties of hafnium metal samples are markedly affected by zirconium impurities, especially the nuclear properties, as these two elements are among the most difficult to separate because of their chemical similarity.[8]. For example. As a result of that, I'm going to get to name the element. Electron affinityThe energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. It is also used in alloys for making magnets, electronic components and data storage disks. [3] Like its neighbors in the periodic table, tennessine is expected to have the lowest electron affinityenergy released when an electron is added to the atomin its group; 2.6 or 1.8eV. David US English Zira US English How to say eka-francium in sign language? The English word is both a noun and an adjective; from Latin adamans 'impregnable, diamondlike Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earths. In 1995, rubidium-87 was used to produce a BoseEinstein condensate,[37] for which the discoverers, Eric Allin Cornell, Carl Edwin Wieman and Wolfgang Ketterle, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. So offering the potential to save our lives and the environment - quite an element. A notable physical difference between these metals is their density, with zirconium having about one-half the density of hafnium. By early 1923, Niels Bohr and others agreed with Bury. [34] Dysprosium is increasingly in demand for the permanent magnets used in electric-car motors and wind-turbine generators. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite, the latter lending the element its alternate name. To begin with, there's the matter of how to pronounce its current name: no-bell-ium, as it comes from the same root as the Nobel prize; or no-beel-ium, modelled on the way we say 'helium'. One of the main uses is myocardial perfusion imaging. [58][59], Isotopes of hafnium and lutetium (along with ytterbium) are also used in isotope geochemistry and geochronological applications, in lutetium-hafnium dating. Rubidium is very similar to potassium, and tissue with high potassium content will also accumulate the radioactive rubidium. Their proposal involved fusing a berkelium (element97) target and a calcium (element20) beam, conducted via bombardment of the berkelium target with calcium nuclei:[39] this would complete a set of experiments done at the JINR on the fusion of actinide targets with a calcium-48 beam, which had thus far produced the new elements 113116 and 118. There are many species of tantalum minerals, only some of which are so far being used by industry as raw materials: tantalite (a series consisting of tantalite-(Fe), tantalite-(Mn) and tantalite-(Mg)) microlite (now a group name), wodginite, euxenite (actually euxenite-(Y)), and polycrase (actually polycrase-(Y)). Like its sister metal zirconium, finely divided hafnium can ignite spontaneously in air. [3] The molecules TlTs and NhTs may be viewed analogously, taking into account an opposite effect shown by the fact that the element's p1/2 electrons are stabilized. [74] The latest value for upper crust concentration is 0.92 ppm, and the Nb/Ta(w/w) ratio stands at 12.7. "[20], For decades, the commercial technology for separating tantalum from niobium involved the fractional crystallization of potassium heptafluorotantalate away from potassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate, a process that was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac in 1866. Tennessine's first ionization energythe energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atomis predicted to be 7.7eV, lower than those of the halogens, again following the trend. Over the span of a few days, the target traveled over the Atlantic Ocean five times. Dysprosium is the heaviest element with isotopes that are not observationally stable or radioactive. In aqueous media, Ta only exhibit the +V oxidation state. High = substitution not possible or very difficult. Lutetium has the highest Brinell hardness of any lanthanide, at 8901300 MPa. Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be determined arithmetically. Berkelium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive actinide metal. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing. [3] The standard reduction potential of the Ts/Ts couple is predicted to be 0.25V; this value is negative, unlike for all the lighter halogens. [3][100] The molecule tennessine chloride (TsCl) is predicted to go further, being bonded with a single pi bond. It's makers based at Iowa State University, say that this 'magnetic' refrigeration is 20 to 30 percent more energy efficient than conventional refrigeration - adding to its 'green' credentials. However, it can also be in the 0, +1 and +2 states as well. [71] Because tantalum is a non-ferrous, non-magnetic metal, these implants are considered to be acceptable for patients undergoing MRI procedures. [53][54] Dialysis patients suffering from depression show a depletion in rubidium, and therefore a supplementation may help during depression. The differences between tantalum and niobium were demonstrated unequivocally in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand,[13] and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as by Louis J. Troost, who determined the empirical formulas of some of their compounds in 1865. Hamilton kept monitoring the situation, making the checks once in a while. Separation of the tantalum from niobium is then achieved by lowering the ionic strength of the acid mixture, which causes the niobium to dissolve in the aqueous phase. Kragh, Helge. [56] Extraction begins with leaching the ore with hydrofluoric acid together with sulfuric acid or hydrochloric acid. Compounds containing tantalum are rarely encountered in the laboratory. The element was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange techniques by Frank Spedding at Iowa State University in the early 1950s. Six years later, in 1886, the French chemist de Boisbaudran isolated the pure oxide, and called the element gadolinium, as it was obtained from gadolinite. These discoveries did not stop scientists from publishing articles about the so-called ilmenium until 1871. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. [26] Consequently, compounds of hafnium(IV) and zirconium(IV) have very similar chemical and physical properties. This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. [42], Russian customs officials twice refused to let the target enter the country because of missing or incomplete paperwork. [16], Lutetium, derived from the Latin Lutetia (Paris), was independently discovered in 1907 by French scientist Georges Urbain, Austrian mineralogist Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach, and American chemist Charles James. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though, like other lanthanides, it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant [44] Today, the Faculty of Science of the University of Copenhagen uses in its seal a stylized image of the hafnium atom. [23] The purified hafnium(IV) chloride is converted to the metal by reduction with magnesium or sodium, as in the Kroll process. [88] These effects cause tennessine's chemistry to differ from those of its upper neighbors (see below). Values are given for typical oxidation number and coordination. Hafnium(IV) chloride and hafnium(IV) iodide have some applications in the production and purification of hafnium metal. eka-francium noun An alternative name for ununennium How to pronounce eka-francium? Darmstadtium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in the city of Darmstadt, Germany, after which it was No dysprosium-dominant mineral (that is, with dysprosium prevailing over other rare earths in the composition) has yet been found. These rubidium standards are often used with GPS to produce a "primary frequency standard" that has greater accuracy and is less expensive than caesium standards. It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry air, but not in moist air. [84], Calculations have confirmed the accuracy of this simple extrapolation, although experimental verification of this is currently impossible as the half-lives of the known tennessine isotopes are too short. Coltan, the industrial name for a columbitetantalite mineral from which niobium and tantalum are extracted,[46] can also be found in Central Africa, which is why tantalum is being linked to warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire). In the story, he had been punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water with perfect fruit growing above his head, both of which eternally tantalized him. The second-lightest such nucleus, palladium-110 (46protons, 64neutrons, neutronproton ratio of 1.391), is much heavier. A measure of how difficult it is to deform a material. Tennessine is predicted to continue the trend; a strong pi character should be seen in the bonding of Ts2. Beginning in 2007 and through 2014, the major sources of tantalum production from mines dramatically shifted to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and some other African countries. Pornographic, defamatory, libellous, scandalous, fraudulent, immoral, infringing or otherwise unlawful use of the Images is, of course, prohibited. A horizontal row in the periodic table. Murray Robertson is the artist behind the images which make up Visual Elements. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The molten salt at 1,000C (1,830F) is the electrolyte. [76] Values in soils are close to 1 ppm and thus to UCC values. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. As little as 1% gadolinium can improve the workability of iron and chromium alloys, and their resistance to high temperatures and oxidation. Commercial use of the Images will be charged at a rate based on the particular use, prices on application. [34] Cerium-doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate is currently the preferred compound for detectors in positron emission tomography (PET). (Vanderbilt was left off the initial list of discoverers in an error that was later corrected. [33][65], Tantalum was used by NASA to shield components of spacecraft, such as Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, from radiation. [40] These conduct electricity and act like an armature of a generator, thereby generating an electric current. [13], Similarly to the other rare-earth metals, lutetium has no known biological role, but it is found even in humans, concentrating in bones, and to a lesser extent in the liver and kidneys. [53] Although a partial substitution of potassium by rubidium is possible, when more than 50% of the potassium in the muscle tissue of rats was replaced with rubidium, the rats died. Some elements exist in several different structural forms, called allotropes. Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist, For instance, element102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in, Although stable isotopes of the lightest elements usually have a neutronproton ratio close or equal to one (for example, the only stable isotope of, A nuclide is commonly denoted by the chemical element's symbol immediately preceded by the mass number as a superscript and the atomic number as a subscript. [5], Nanofibers of dysprosium compounds have high strength and a large surface area. The chance of this reaction producing 295Ts is estimated to be, at most, one-seventh the chance of producing 294Ts. However, because of hafnium's neutron-absorbing properties, hafnium impurities in zirconium would cause it to be far less useful for nuclear-reactor applications. In the periodic table, tennessine is expected to be a member of group 17, all other members of which are halogens. Properties of tennessine remain unknown and only predictions are available. The element was first synthesized in 1950 at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory), by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions).It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the [17], The heavy mineral sands ore deposits of the titanium ores ilmenite and rutile yield most of the mined zirconium, and therefore also most of the hafnium. [41] The required berkelium-249 is a by-product in californium-252 production, and obtaining the required amount of berkelium was an even more difficult task than obtaining that of californium, as well as costly: It would cost around 3.5million dollars, and the parties agreed to wait for a commercial order of californium production, from which berkelium could be extracted. [2], There is another opportunity for tennessine to complete its octetby forming a covalent bond. Metallic gadolinium was not isolated until 1935, and like all the other lanthanides, it is a reactive metal. The work was signed by all parties involved in the experiment to some extent: JINR, ORNL, LLNL, RIAR, Vanderbilt, the University of Tennessee (Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.), and the University of Nevada (Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.), which provided data analysis support. A vertical column in the periodic table. If you wish to use the Images in a manner not permitted by these terms and conditions please contact the Publishing Services Department by email. [16][17] If fusion does occur, the temporary mergertermed a compound nucleusis an excited state. They operate two mines in Western Australia, Greenbushes in the southwest and Wodgina in the Pilbara region. For example, the 6d electron levels (also split in two, with four being 6d3/2 and six being 6d5/2) are both raised, so they are close in energy to the 7s ones,[86] although no 6d electron chemistry has been predicted for tennessine. Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. [6], In December2015, the JWP officially recognized the discovery of 293117 on account of the confirmation of the properties of its daughter 289115,[58] and thus the listed discoverers JINR, LLNL, and ORNL were given the right to suggest an official name for the element. [103] The molecule thus follows the trend for halogen hydrides, showing an increase in bond length and a decrease in dissociation energy compared to AtH. Furthermore, the low abundance and difficult separation techniques necessary make it a scarce commodity. Lutetium metal is then obtained by reduction of anhydrous LuCl3 or LuF3 by either an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. [14], Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes: 156Dy, 158Dy, 160Dy, 161Dy, 162Dy, 163Dy, and 164Dy. Unbiunium and Ubu are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in many zirconium minerals. Computational chemists understand the split as a change of the second (azimuthal) quantum number l from 1 to 1/2 and 3/2 for the more-stabilized and less-stabilized parts of the 7p subshell, respectively. [47] They established a collaboration among JINR, ORNL, and Vanderbilt;[42] the team at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in Livermore, California, U.S., was soon invited to join. Hafnium metallocenes are part of a large collection of Group 4 transition metal metallocene catalysts [67] that are used worldwide in the production of polyolefin resins like polyethylene and polypropylene. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. This week: the art of naming an element. [i] Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters. Garnet is another mineral that contains appreciable amounts of hafnium to act as a geochronometer. The decay chains assigned to 289115, the isotope instrumental in the confirmation of the syntheses of elements115 and 117, were found based on a new statistical method to be too different to belong to the same nuclide with a reasonably high probability. Well, soon they will name the 117thelement. However, radioactivity of this nuclear isomer has never been observed, and only a lower limit on its half-life of 2.01016years has been set. [70], People can be exposed to hafnium in the workplace by breathing it in, swallowing it, skin contact, and eye contact. [80], People can be exposed to tantalum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, or eye contact. CFCs contribute to both depleting the Ozone layer and they are also Greenhouse gases, and due to this their use in the developed world has largely ceased. [45], Hamilton checked if the ORNL high-flux reactor produced californium for a commercial order: The required berkelium could be obtained as a by-product. Tantalum is capable of capturing oxygen and nitrogen by forming nitrides and oxides and therefore helped to sustain the high vacuum needed for the tubes when used for internal parts such as grids and plates. The fridge contains a wheel with segments of powdered gadolinium, and as the wheel turns it passes through a gap between the poles of a very powerful magnet. It is the thirteenth and third-last element in the lanthanide series. [62][61][63] Because of its ductility, tantalum can be drawn into fine wires or filaments, which are used for evaporating metals such as aluminium. In June 2016, the IUPAC published a declaration stating that the discoverers had suggested the name tennessine after Tennessee, United States, a name which was officially adopted in November 2016.[a]. Francium is Element 87. Density (g cm3) In fact this ion has 7 unpaired electrons in its 4f orbitals giving it a very large magnetic moment, and scientists are currently interested in making use of this. Atomic radius, non-bonded It is the second-heaviest known element and the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table.. [45], The resonant element in atomic clocks utilizes the hyperfine structure of rubidium's energy levels, and rubidium is useful for high-precision timing. When tantalum enrichment is observed, it is probably due to loss of more water-soluble elements in aerosols in the clouds.[78]. [21] In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)[g] and transferred to a surface-barrier detector, which stops the nucleus. If the excitation energy is lower than energy binding each neutron to the rest of the nucleus, neutrons are not emitted; instead, the compound nucleus de-excites by emitting a. Most commonly encountered are oxides of Ta(V), which includes all minerals. The multiplicity of states found when nuclides that are not eveneven undergo alpha decay is not unexpected and contributes to the lack of clarity in the cross-reactions. [98] Unlike the lighter group 17 elements, tennessine may not exhibit the chemical behavior common to the halogens. It can react with water to produce flammable hydrogen gas. [13] Similar observations are made during reaction between lutetium and water (slow when cold and fast when hot); lutetium hydroxide is formed in the reaction. Scerri, E.R. Nearly all the known chemistry of gadolinium is that of the gadolinium three plus (3+) ion. A later paper predicts the boiling point of tennessine to be 345C[93] (that of astatine is estimated as 309C,[94] 337C,[95] or 370C,[96] although experimental values of 230C[97] and 411C[91] have been reported). In such cases we would ask you to sign a Visual Elements licence agreement, tailored to the specific use you propose. Francium pronunciation in British English Francium pronunciation in British English Francium pronunciation in Australian English Francium In 1792 he isolated the first rare earth compound, what we now know as yttrium oxide, from a black mineral that had been discovered at Ytterby in Sweden. [3] The electron of the hypothetical hydrogen-like tennessine atomoxidized so it has only one electron, Ts116+is predicted to move so quickly that its mass is 1.90 times that of a non-moving electron, a feature attributable to relativistic effects. K2[TaF7] can be converted to metallic tantalum by reduction with sodium, at approximately 800C in molten salt.[58]. In 1909, the priority was finally granted to Urbain and his names were adopted as official ones; however, the name cassiopeium (or later cassiopium) for element 71 proposed by Welsbach was used by many German scientists until the 1950s. 4H2O. Therefore, they can be used to reinforce other materials and act as a catalyst. [81], Chemical element, symbol Ta and atomic number 73, Coltan Ethics of mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo, warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "European Commission (2010). [23][24] The concentration of Dy in the Earth's crust is about 5.2mg/kg and in sea water 0.9ng/L. It is an actinide and the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared. [50] In particular, 87Rb is used with other alkali metals in the development of spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) magnetometers. It is one of the most corrosion-resistant metals, even at [3] The +7 state has not been showneven computationallyto be achievable. Franciumis a chemical element with the symbol Frand atomic number 87. At number 87 in the periodic table, francium is the least stable of the first 103 elements. However, 154Dy decays primarily by alpha decay, and 152Dy and 159Dy decay primarily by electron capture. [28] Pure lutetium metal is very difficult to prepare. [5][33] Dysprosiumcadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation, which is useful for studying chemical reactions. The naturally occurring isotopes, 164Dy is the most abundant at 28%, followed by 162Dy at 26%. Gadolinium was named in honour of Johan Gadolin. [14] The nuclear isomer 178m2Hf was at the center of a controversy for several years regarding its potential use as a weapon. He concluded that the two oxides, despite their difference in measured density, were identical and kept the name tantalum. Take our quiz. [16] Coming close alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for approximately 1020seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus. The density of tennessine is expected to be between 7.1 and 7.3g/cm3, continuing the trend of increasing density among the halogens; that of astatine is estimated to be between 6.2 and 6.5g/cm3. [56], The Dubna team repeated the experiment in 2012, creating seven atoms of element117 and confirming their earlier synthesis of element118 (produced after some time when a significant quantity of the berkelium-249 target had beta decayed to californium-249). Hafnium reacts in air to form a protective film that inhibits further corrosion. [39][40], Encouraged by these suggestions and by the reappearance in 1922 of Urbain's claims that element 72 was a rare earth element discovered in 1911, Dirk Coster and Georg von Hevesy were motivated to search for the new element in zirconium ores. The discovery of tennessine was officially announced in Dubna, Russia, by a RussianAmerican collaboration in April 2010, which makes it the most recently discovered The hafnium forms a solid coating at the tungsten filament, and the iodine can react with additional hafnium, resulting in a steady iodine turnover and ensuring the chemical equilibrium remains in favor of hafnium production. [65] Tantalum was extensively used in the production of ultra high frequency electron tubes for radio transmitters. In the periodic table of the elements, it is expected to Some superalloys used for special applications contain hafnium in combination with niobium, titanium, or tungsten. This ligand has 8 atoms to attach to gadolinium, meaning it is bound very tightly indeed, ensuring free, toxic, gadolinium is not released. As a result, tennessine is expected to be a volatile metal that neither forms anions nor achieves high oxidation states. An external shell of 181Ta would be irradiated by the intensive high-energy neutron flux from a hypothetical exploding nuclear weapon. This is approximately the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. [45] In June 2016, IUPAC published a declaration stating the discoverers had submitted their suggestions for naming the new elements115, 117, and 118 to the IUPAC; the suggestion for the element117 was tennessine, with a symbol of Ts, after "the region of Tennessee". The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to each other. The extinct radionuclide 182Hf has a half-life of 8.90.1million years, and is an important tracker isotope for the formation of planetary cores. Where the element is most commonly found in nature, and how it is sourced commercially. Sodium chloride is the salt most [54] The Dubna team believes that the synthesis of the element is direct experimental proof of the existence of the island of stability. [35][36] Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG) is used as a phosphor in light-emitting diode light bulbs. Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. Fibers of dysprosium oxide fluoride can be produced by heating an aqueous solution of DyBr3 and NaF to 450C at 450bars for 17hours. For the E-road, see, Chemical element, symbol Ts and atomic number 117, The declaration by the IUPAC mentioned "the contribution of the Tennessee, In 2009, a team at JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create, The greater the excitation energy, the more neutrons are ejected. The temperature at which the liquidgas phase change occurs. [23], Natural tantalum consists of two isotopes: 180mTa (0.012%) and 181Ta (99.988%). [67] Tantalum greatly increases the armor penetration capabilities of a shaped charge due to its high density and high melting point. For the group that caused the 2021 Microsoft Exchange Server data breach, see, Chemical element, symbol Hf and atomic number 72. Previously known as tantalium, it is named after Tantalus, a villain in Greek mythology. Covalent radiusHalf of the distance between two atoms within a single covalent bond. Tantalum is dark (blue-gray),[21] dense, ductile, very hard, easily fabricated, and highly conductive of heat and electricity. [16] De Marignac was the first to produce the metallic form of tantalum in 1864, when he reduced tantalum chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of hydrogen. That was Uppingham School's Simon Cotton with the heroic chemistry of gadolinium. [5] All of these researchers found lutetium as an impurity in the mineral ytterbia, which was previously thought to consist entirely of ytterbium. [79] Lighter isotopes of tennessine may be produced in the 243Am+50Ti reaction, which was considered as a contingency plan by the Dubna team in 2008 if 249Bk proved unavailable,[80] and was considered again for study in 20172018 to investigate the properties of nuclear reactions with a titanium-50 beam, which becomes necessary to synthesize elements beyond oganesson. [103], VSEPR theory predicts a bent-T-shaped molecular geometry for the group 17 trifluorides. [15], Twenty-nine radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 138 to 173. So Gadolinium - colourless and initially may not sound very interesting, but may hold the key to keeping your milk or butter cool without damaging our environment and may even help save your life. [34][35], Rubidium had minimal industrial value before the 1920s. Tennessine may be located in the "island of stability", a concept that explains why some superheavy elements are more stable compared to an overall trend of decreasing stability for elements beyond bismuth on the periodic table. [26], Tantalum can be used as a target material for accelerated proton beams for the production of various short-lived isotopes including 8Li, 80Rb, and 160Yb. Meanings & definitions of words in English with examples, synonyms, pronunciations and translations. A few years later this ore, which contained a number of lanthanides, was named gadolinite. It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature. Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. We welcome your feedback. [87][o] For many theoretical purposes, the valence electron configuration may be represented to reflect the 7p subshell split as 7s27p21/27p33/2.[3]. Gadolinium was discovered in 1880 by Charles Galissard de Marignac at Geneva. Tantalum can also be refined by electrolysis, using a modified version of the HallHroult process. It is the second-heaviest known element and the penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. The latter re-emit light in the green and red part of the spectrum, thereby effectively producing bright light. Technetium is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. This method has been supplanted by solvent extraction from fluoride-containing solutions of tantalum.[14]. The most stable of these is 154Dy, with a half-life of approximately 3106years, followed by 159Dy with a half-life of 144.4days. [40][42], The JINR team sought to use berkelium because calcium-48, the isotope of calcium used in the beam, has 20protons and 28neutrons, making a neutronproton ratio of 1.4; and it is the lightest stable or near-stable nucleus with such a large neutron excess. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist", "Something new and superheavy at the periodic table", "Criteria that must be satisfied for the discovery of a new chemical element to be recognized", "A History and Analysis of the Discovery of Elements 104 and 105", "How to Make Superheavy Elements and Finish the Periodic Table [Video]", "Exploring the superheavy elements at the end of the periodic table", "The Transfermium Wars: Scientific Brawling and Name-Calling during the Cold War", " . It is part of the refractory metals group, which are widely used as components of strong high-melting-point ASSESSMENT: 100 POINTS parachute means to: [34][35] Diverse salts and substituted derivatives are known for the hexacarbonyl [Ta(CO)6] and related isocyanides. ", "Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures? [21] Both of these articles accused the other man of publishing results based on those of the author. Kirchhoff and Bunsen processed 150kg of a lepidolite containing only 0.24% rubidium monoxide (Rb2O). More sophisticated predictions show that this molecular geometry would not be energetically favored for TsF3, predicting instead a trigonal planar molecular geometry (AX3E0). Instead of hydrolysis, the H2[TaF7] can be treated with potassium fluoride to produce potassium heptafluorotantalate: Unlike H2[TaF7], the potassium salt is readily crystallized and handled as a solid. During gravitational separation of the ores from placer deposits, not only is cassiterite (SnO2) found, but a small percentage of tantalite also included. [11] Aqueous solutions of most lutetium salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying, with the common exception of the iodide. [40] Indeed, lutetium-177 is seeing increased usage as a radionuclide in neuroendrocine tumor therapy and bone pain palliation. 149Dy has two metastable isomers, the second of which, 149m2Dy, has a half-life of 28ns. [78] A liquid drop model study on the element's isotopes shows similar results; it suggests a general trend of increasing stability for isotopes heavier than 301Ts, with partial half-lives exceeding the age of the universe for the heaviest isotopes like 335Ts when beta decay is not considered. [16] Ununennium and Uue are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol respectively, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon. [22], Several details contribute to the fact that there are only a few technical uses for hafnium: First, the close similarity between hafnium and zirconium makes it possible to use the more abundant zirconium for most applications; second, hafnium was first available as pure metal after the use in the nuclear industry for hafnium-free zirconium in the late 1950s. Two nuclei can only fuse into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to electrostatic repulsion. Learn more. [31], The discovery of the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. [14][41], World tantalum mine production has undergone an important geographic shift since the start of the 21st century when production was predominantly from Australia and Brazil. [68], Hafnium diselenide is studied in spintronics thanks to its charge density wave and superconductivity. [55] In some tests the rubidium was administered as rubidium chloride with up to 720mg per day for 60 days. The metal is obtained as a by-product in the commercial extraction of yttrium. Lutetium is separated by ion exchange. [37][38] These suggestions were based on Bohr's theories of the atom which were identical to chemist Charles Bury,[35] the X-ray spectroscopy of Moseley, and the chemical arguments of Friedrich Paneth. The least abundant is 156Dy at 0.06%. The pure metal is not considered toxic, but hafnium compounds should be handled as if they were toxic because the ionic forms of metals are normally at greatest risk for toxicity, and limited animal testing has been done for hafnium compounds. [33] The chloride TaCl5, which exists as a dimer, is the main reagent in synthesis of new Ta compounds. Unbinilium and Ubn are the temporary systematic IUPAC name and symbol, which are used until the element is discovered, confirmed, and a permanent name is decided upon.In the periodic table of the Mendeleev", "The limits of the nuclear chart set by fission and alpha decay", Half-life prediction for decay modes for superheavy nuclei, " 113-118 , "Actinide Targets for Super-Heavy Element Research", "Estimation of the chemical form and the boiling point of elementary astatine by radiogas-chromatography", "An introduction to the electronic structure of atoms and molecules", "Spin-orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113-118)", "Electronic structure and chemistry of the heaviest elements", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennessine&oldid=1123057610, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 November 2022, at 15:06. The slag from the tin smelters then contains economically useful amounts of tantalum, which is leached from the slag. The luminescence can be measured to determine the degree of exposure to which the dosimeter has been subjected. [26] Hafnium and zirconium tend to occur together in nature and the similarity of their ionic radii makes their chemical separation rather difficult. [75], Little data is available on tantalum concentrations in the different environmental compartments, especially in natural waters where reliable estimates of dissolved tantalum concentrations in seawater and freshwaters have not even been produced. The spinorbit interaction is especially strong for the superheavy elements because their electrons move fasterat velocities comparable to the speed of lightthan those in lighter atoms. [38], Dysprosium is one of the components of Terfenol-D, along with iron and terbium. [32] Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on celtium in 1911. [42] Its half-life is only 330days: after that time, half the berkelium produced would have decayed. In common with other lanthanides, gadolinium is mainly found in the minerals monazite and bastnaesite. Nevertheless, many chemical properties of tennessine have been calculated. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) adopts a perovskite structure. The high and variable Lu/Hf ratios found in garnet make it useful for dating metamorphic events. The insoluble salts are non-toxic. Magnetism of the Rare Earths", "Controlled synthesis and characterization of large-scale, uniform sheet-shaped dysprosium hydroxide nanosquares by hydrothermal method", "Zur Kenntnis der Verbindungen des Dysprosiums", "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties", "L'holmine (ou terre X de M Soret) contient au moins deux radicaux mtallique (Holminia contains at least two metal)", "The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths", "Two-dimensional supersolidity in a dipolar quantum gas", "Review of the World Market of Rare-Earth Metals", "Dysprosium (Dy) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects", "In China, Illegal Rare Earth Mines Face Crackdown", "Earth-Friendly Elements, Mined Destructively", "Rare earth mineral discovery set to make Australia a major player in electric vehicle supply chain", "Halls Creek turning into a hub for rare earths", Staring down a multitude of challenges, these Australian rare earth miners are confident they can break into the market, "Modeling of magnetic properties of heat treated Dy-doped NdFeB particles bonded in isotropic and anisotropic arrangements", "Supercritical Water Oxidation/Synthesis", "Rare Earth Oxide Fluoride: Ceramic Nano-particles via a Hydrothermal Method", "Physicists give weird new phase of matter an extra dimension", "Design, Manufacture and Test of an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Magnet for use in Space", "Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator: A Practical Point of View", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium&oldid=1125248525, Chemical elements with hexagonal close-packed structure, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2021, Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 December 2022, at 00:23. 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