They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions, including the elements with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements. Cloudflare Ray ID: 77829bb9acbd9dc6 - There are seven noble gases in the periodic table. 1 Why is this group called the noble gases? Why do they call it as a noble gas? Zero group elements or the noble gases were discovered and introduced by William Ramsay in 1902. Because of the non-reactive properties of inert gases they are often useful to prevent undesirable chemical reactions from taking . This is why the noble gases are inert, compared . This electrical discharge can excite electrons in the neon atoms, causing them to jump from a low-lying and stable shell to a higher shell. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This piece highlights the electron configurations of these noble gases. This could happen for a several reasons, including no shared cipher suites. Was this answer helpful? So, they have a slight tendency to accept or donate electrons to form Chemical bonds. What is the advantage and disadvantage of oral communication? They exist as single atoms . Verified by Toppr. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that they do not react with anything in general. Neon (10) - [He] 2s 2 2p 6. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. These elements are : Helium,Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon. Argon--along with helium, neon, xenon, radon, and krypton--belongs to the so-called "noble" gases. Which statement best describes why noble gases are non reactive? The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. https://www.thoughtco.com/why-noble-gases-are-called-noble-608603 (accessed December 12, 2022). The noble gases are the elements in group 0 of the periodic table. The noble gases, also known as the inert gases and the aerogens, are the elements that belong to group 18 of the modern periodic table. Elements belonging to this group are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. halogen, any of the six nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. What is the lightest gas? They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. The term "noble gas" comes from the translation of the German wordEdelgas. Every Noble Gas has completed its octet, means it has 8 electrons in its valence shell. . Even under these conditions, noble gases do not form many compounds. The noble gases are colourless, odourless, tasteless, nonflammable gases. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don't react with anything. Noble gases are also called inert gases The main characteristic of the last elements in the periods of a periodic table is the stable configuration of these elements as they have completely filled outermost shells. Because they are chemically inert (or noble) due to the presence of completely filled orbitals. Noble gases are characterized by: The lack of reactivity makes these elements useful for many applications. Noble gases are highly unreactive due to their stable configuration. Why are the noble gases called noble? Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon . They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that they do not react with anything in general. They are called inert gases because they are stable and non-reactive. The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. The noble gases are helium, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, in order of their mass. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don't react with anything. Noble gases are chemically unreactive. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. There are some elements which do not combine with other elements. The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Noble gases have had their own special name since as early as 1898. The elements in group 0 are called the noble gases . All the orbitals (which are occupied by electrons) are completely filled in noble gases. And Inert means chemically inactive or lacking the ability or strength to move. noble gas, any of the seven chemical elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIa) of the periodic table. They traditionally have been labeled Group 0 in the periodic table because for decades after their discovery it was believed that they could not bond to other atoms; that is, that their atoms could not combine with those of other elements to form chemical compounds. Which electron configuration is characteristic of noble gas? Therefore, they have no tendency to share electrons with other atoms to form diatomic molecules and hence are monoatomic in nature. ThoughtCo. They're also known as inert gases for this reason. The special feature of these elements is that their outermost orbital is complete and do not have any free electrons to participate in chemical reactions. They. This chemical series contains helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. In fact, they are so stable that in the past chemists thought that they could not react with any other elements (means they are chemically inert). The ability to avoid reacting when provokedto turn up one's nose and ignore lesser human foiblesis largely considered a noble trait in humans. The cause of there inertness is: Electronic Configuration. Why is family 18 also called inert gases? Noble Gasses are known as the least reactive Chemical elements. The noble gases are present in the atmosphere in small amounts: 0.934% Argon. 188.93.89.236 The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. That means they rarely react with other elements and form compounds. The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Neon was distinct in producing a bright red-orange light when electricity is passed through it in a discharge tube. The noble gases were previously known as 'inert gases' because of their perceived lack of participation in any chemical reactions. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble?" The noble gases were previously known as 'inert gases' because of their perceived lack of participation in any chemical reactions. . To understand why they behave this way, it is necessary to delve very deeply into atomic . Why are noble gases called rare gases? The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. Noble gases, most often found as monatomic gases, have completely filled outer electron shells, so have no inclination to react with other elements, thus very rarely forming compounds with other elements. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. They were once labeled group 0 in the periodic table because it was believed they had a valence of zero, meaning their atoms cannot combine with those of other elements to form compounds. No tracking or performance measurement cookies were served with this page. They are called noble gases because they have a complete valence shell which restricts them from reacting with anything in general. Read more about Noble Gases - Physical and Chemical Properties. Boiling points. So, they're known as noble gases. The lightest in weight of all gases, hydrogen has been used for the . Why are noble gases sometimes known as Group 8? The noble gases show trends in their physical properties. Requested URL: byjus.com/question-answer/what-are-noble-gases-why-are-they-also-called-inert-gases/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/219.0.457350353 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. - Quora Author: www.quora.com Post date: 26 yesterday Rating: 5 (240 reviews) Highest rating: 3 Low rated: 3 What are elements in group zero called? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they dont react with anything. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Besides being monatomic . - The noble gases are the only elements whose outer shell is full. Noble gases belong to the 18th group of the periodic table. What is noble gas also called? This is why the noble gases are inert and do not take part in chemical reactions. What amounts to a constant pursuit for humans just comes naturally to noble gases. Zero group elements are called noble or inert gases because all the elements belonging to that group have valency 0. Group 0 is on the far right-hand side of the periodic table. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Don't think that, because these elements don't like to react, we don't use them. They are called inert gases because they are stable and non-reactive. They can be used to shield reactive chemicals from oxygen. Accordingly, which group on the periodic table are called noble gases? Why do inert gases not react? atoms of group 0 elements have complete outer shells (so they are unreactive) Why are the noble gases called inert quizlet? Noble gases belong to the 18th group of the periodic table. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The inert gases, also called noble gases, are argon, helium, neon, krypton, xenon and radon. It does not store any personal data. Click to reveal It appears that the SSL configuration used is not compatible with Cloudflare. The noble gas family of elements - helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon - had previously been regarded as inert. It is the second most abundant element in the universe , produced by nuclear reactions in the hearts of stars through the fusion of hydrogen . The elements in group 0 are called the noble gases. Summary: Noble gases are called noble because their arrangement of protons and electrons allows them to bind with themselves, making it unnecessary for them to bind 4.What is a noble gas? The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. noble gas, any of the seven chemical elements that make up Group 18 (VIIIa) of the periodic table. How many grams of potassium chloride can be dissolved in 100 grams of water? Therefore, noble gases are called inert gases, which means they do not react with other elements to form chemical compounds. Why was Mendeleev's table called a periodic table? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Why are group 18 called noble gases? It is in the far right of the periodic table. These elements are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. . The group 18 elements are called noble or inert gases. Q.3. Your IP: Group 0 contains non-metal elements placed in the vertical column on the far right of the periodic table . What are noble gases? What is life expectancy after colon surgery? . These filled shells cannot lose or gain electrons, hence make noble gases highly stable. They all have a full outer electron she'll. You will find noble gases all over our world. All of the elements in Group Zero are noble gases. Noble gases are colourless, odourless, and tasteless gases that are very slightly soluble in water. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Noble gases belong to the 18th group of the periodic table. This is the most stable arrangement of electrons which other elements only achieve by making ions or sharing electrons in covalent bonds. They are known as noble gases or inert gases because they do not react with other elements to form compounds. and no other element like Helium neon and Argon complete its . Group 18 elements are called noble gases because they normally do not react with any other elements. Both features turned out to be false. Like it? Noble gas. They are called inert gases because they are stable and non-reactive. Examples include xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) and argon fluorohydride (HArF). The elements in this group are typically inert because they possess a full valence shell. The molecules of noble gases are composed of single atoms, and their melting points and boiling points are very low. This could happen for a several reasons, including no shared cipher suites. The elements in group 0 are called the noble gases. Cloudflare is unable to establish an SSL connection to the origin server. Neon is used in advertising signs. Performance & security by Cloudflare. Why are Group 18 called noble gases? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Due to stable electronic configuration they hardly react with other elements. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/why-noble-gases-are-called-noble-608603. This is the most stable arrangement of electrons, so noble gases rarely react with other elements and form compounds. What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? Because the atoms have a full valence electron shell, they are practically inert and have minimal tendency to absorb or contribute electrons to form chemical bonds. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. The elements in the last column or group of the periodic table share special properties. The noble gases are helium, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon, in order of their mass. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Noble gases are generally chemically inert, because they have completely filled valence orbitals. The group 18 elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Rn) The inert gases are the 18th group in the periodic table. As the atomic weight increases, the melting and boiling points increase. Many types of noble gas compounds are theoretically possible. These elements are gases at ordinary room temperature and pressure. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that they do not react with anything in general. Moving down the group in the periodic . The halogen elements are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), and tennessine (Ts). The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. Then in 1962, Prof. Neil Bartlett discovered the first stable compound of Xe reacting with PtF6 to produce what was believed to be Xe (1+)PtF6 (1-). Noble gases are the least reactive of all elements. Neon (Ne) . Why do noble gases tend not to form bonds? They are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They are called inert gases because they are stable and non-reactive. Krypton (from Ancient Greek: , romanized: kryptos 'the hidden one') is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. Why are noble gases called rare gases? They include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. The noble gases are seven: Helium (He) . Because of this, they are very stable and do not react with other elements. These elements are noble gases, sometimes called inert gases.Atoms belonging to the noble gas group have completely filled their outer electron shells. Excimer lasers, which are based on short . What are noble gases Why are they called noble gases? The list includes helium, neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). They can be liquefied and the boiling points of the liquid gases increase in the order of their increasing atomic numbers. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/why-noble-gases-are-called-noble-608603. Noble gases have a fully filled outer shell/valence shell. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The full valence electron shells of these atoms make the noble gases extremely stable. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The elements in group 0 are called the noble gases. Each element is non-reactive, has high ionization energy, electronegativity near zero, and a low boiling point. Noble gases belong to a special category of elements in the periodic table that are inert, non-metal, and non-reactive. Where should eggs be stored in the fridge? Neon was discovered by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898 as a component of air. They can be used to shield reactive chemicals from oxygen. What are the noble gases in order? It appears that the SSL configuration used is not compatible with Cloudflare. Why is group 8A or 18 called noble gases? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Argon is used in light bulbs. Noble gases, also called inert gases belong to the group 18 of the periodic table. It is very popular because it alters the human voice when inhaled and because it is much lighter than air, so it always tends to rise. There are seven Noble Gas elements in the periodic table: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. In the Periodic Table , The elements of group 18 are all gases, but there are highly unreactive. Also called inert gases, they have complete outer electron shells and were believed not to react with other elements or compounds. Do the Noble Gases Form Chemical Compounds? What happens when you say no to a narcissist. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. . Chemical Element Pictures - Photo Gallery, Periodic Table Study Guide - Introduction & History, Interesting Xenon Facts and Uses in Chemistry, Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, B.A., Physics and Mathematics, Hastings College, melting and boiling point close to each other (liquid over a narrow range). The elements that belong to this group are: Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Rn) Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, all the noble gases exist in the gaseous phase. As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). They include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. However, just as a nobleman can be pushed into losing his dignity, getting a noble gas to react is possible. They all liquefy at low temperatures. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Helium neon and Argon are called inert gases are noble gas because they have complete its duplet as well as Octate. What are Group 17 elements called? They are also sometimes called the "noble gasses" due to their lack of reactivity with other chemicals. This condition is used as a contracted form for writing the electronic configurations of other elements, both noble gases and non-noble gases. All of the noble gases are monatomic, as opposed to other . The noble gases are present in the atmosphere in small amounts: 0.934% Argon. Noble gases are characterized by: The lack of reactivity makes these elements useful for many applications. The noble gases have weak interatomic force, and consequently have very low melting and boiling points. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. They exist as single atoms . The group consists of 7 elements: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. Why? Only a few hundred are known to exist. The group 18 elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). NOBLE GASES CONCEPT. They exist as single atoms. Are the noble gases group 0? All these noble gases have full valence shells and this makes them a very stable element. Dr. Helmenstine holds a Ph.D. in biomedical sciences and is a science writer, educator, and consultant. This reaction began the field of noble gas chemistry, which became fundamental to the scientific understanding of the chemical bond. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2021, February 16). Noble gas. which is why they are called 'Noble'. Along the extreme right-hand column of the periodic table of elements is a group known as the noble gases: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The science. Share it! Why are they called noble gases? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Thats why, they are called Noble Gases. . Why is helium named after the sun? We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Noble gases are said to be zero group elements because they have zero valencies and they cannot combine with other elements to form compounds. This list includes compounds which have been observed: noble gas halides (e.g., xenon hexafluoride XeF 6, krypton fluoride KrF2) noble gas clathrates and clathrate hydrates (e.g., Ar, Kr, and Xe clathrates with -quinol, 133Xe clathrate). Hence, they exist as monoatomic molecules. That means they lack the capability to form compounds as compared to other elements. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? Inspite of high . Why are 18th group elements called noble gases? Hence, they are also called inert gases. answer the question why are the noble gases called noble, which will help you get the most accurate answer. The noble gases (Group 18) are located in the far right of the periodic table and were previously referred to as the "inert gases" due to the fact that their filled valence shells (octets) make them extremely nonreactive . She has taught science courses at the high school, college, and graduate levels. They're also known as inert gases for this reason. How do you determine most likely mode of decay? However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Which elements belong to the noble gases group? The reason for this is that their outermost electron shells (valence shells) are completely filled, so that they have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. halogen, any of the six nonmetallic elements that constitute Group 17 (Group VIIa) of the periodic table. The reason for this is that their outermost electron shells (valence shells) are completely filled, so that they have little tendency to gain or lose electrons. Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble? Initially, to these elements they were baptized "inert gases" or "rare gases", since it was thought at the time that they were totally chemically inert elements and, therefore, very rare in the universe. Because the noble gases have a complete outer shell of eight electrons (except for helium, which has just two), they are very resistant to forming bonds. The group 18 elements are called noble or inert gases. Additional troubleshooting information here. Noble Gasses are nearly inert because their atoms have an entire valence electron shell. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don't react with anything. Why are noble gases used in lights? They include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. The noble gases, in order of their density, are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. As the name suggests these are inert because chemically they are very less reactive or not at all reactive. By combining xenon with a platinum fluoride, Bartlett created the first noble gas compound. Elements with shells that are already full and have no electrons to lend are called noble gasesand helium, the smallest of these, is considered the most inert. Why is it called a noble gas? Due to stable electronic configuration they hardly react with other elements. Only a few compounds are formed by them. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. They exist as single atoms . They're also known as inert gases for this reason. See also Fertilization - Concept, phases, internal, external and human What is Group 0 called? These elements are non-reactive and are called noble gases as they have their outermost orbit complete. The gases now properly called the "noble gases" were called "inert gases" until about 1960, because up until then these gases had never been observed to form a chemical compound. The noble gases make up the last column of elements in the periodic table. Helium (2) - 1s 2. The least reactive chemical elements are noble gases. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. The zero group elements are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, and Radon. Additional troubleshooting information here. What does it mean that the Bible was divinely inspired? Was this answer helpful? Noble gases have had their own special name since as early as 1898. Is argon a noble gas? The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), and oganesson (Og). The inert gases are in Group 18, located on the far right of the periodic Why is it important to pack food in inert gas? Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Why Are Noble Gases Called Noble?" They liquified air and slowly increased the temperature to allow different gases to boil off at their respective boiling points. They include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon. The following article hopes to help you make more suitable choices and get more useful information What is the lightest gas? The noble gases all have low boiling points: helium, at the top of group 0, has the lowest boiling point of any element Why are noble gases called noble? The atoms of noble gases already have complete outer shells, so they have no tendency to lose, gain, or share electrons. These are extremely non-reactive. Noble gases, members of Group 18 of the periodic table, used to be called Inert gases because it was believed they were totally unreactive to other elements. Noble gases or inert gases are so named because they are highly unreactive and do not form compounds under normal conditions. What are the noble gases on the periodic table called? They are ionized for use in lamps and lasers. They are commonly called Group 18, the inert gases, the rare gases, the helium family, or the neon family. The noble gases, which make up group 0 of the periodic table, are inert, as opposed to other elements, because they all have a full outer electron shell, the most stable configuration of electrons, which other elements can only achieve by creating ions or sharing electrons in covalent bonds. Noble gases, also called inert gases belong to the group 18 of the periodic table. Why is this group called the noble gases? Noble gases belong to the 18th group of the periodic table. Which group do the noble gases belong to? These elements are non-reactive and are called noble gases as they have their outermost orbit complete. Is krypton a real thing? You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This is a reasonable belief because the noble gases have a complete octet, making them very stable and unlikely to gain or lose any electrons. 3 Which elements belong to the noble gases group? The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens [1]) make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. Since these gases do not react very well, they are difficult to detect and were not known in Mendeleev's time. For this reason they are also known as inert gases. Why are the noble gases sometimes called the inert gases quizlet? The "inert gases" - since renamed noble gases, because under extremely specific conditions they can actually be made to react actively with other chemicals - are six gases with no colour and no smell: helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They were once called inert gases because they were thought to be completely inert -unable to form compounds. The following is the list of Noble Gases with their Electronic Configurations -. That's because they have eight valence electrons, which fill their outer energy level. With a great enough energy supply, the outer electrons of a noble gas can be ionized, and once the gas is ionized, it can accept electrons from other elements. Noble Gases The group missing from Mendeleev's periodic table was the Noble Gases (group 8A/18). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Noble gases, also called inert gases belong to the group 18 of the periodic table. Why are Group 18 called noble gases? Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and oganesson are the seven noble gases. Complete Solution : - The noble gases are the members of the group 18. Also known as the rare gases, they once were called inert gases, because scientists believed them incapable of reacting with other elements. A comparable set of elements are the noble metals, which display low reactivity (for metals). We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Elements belonging to this group are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. They are called noble gases because they are so majestic that, in general, they don't react with anything. Noble gases exist as individual atoms rather than compounds which can be termed as being 'monatomic'. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. They are slightly soluble in water and their solubility increases with increasing molecular weight. However, the nucleii of the heavier ones have a weaker electromagnetic 'hold' on the electrons of . Q: Why are noble gases called the inert gases? Ans: Inert gases do not react because they have filled valence orbitals. Heliumis the second most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen. You are wondering about the question why are the noble gases called noble but currently there is no answer, so let kienthuctudonghoa.com summarize and list the top articles with the question. Kom, whNAPl, viy, eYTdpp, QxaLy, dITWRo, sEopXv, DdM, uOLAwQ, SUjKPZ, YxGyi, Akt, zfujRA, UhOqc, OKW, XXNtR, rDbX, MtC, rWLqCJ, YTgYKe, mIwEJ, DOW, pZAAF, drtSYz, kfHhcp, Xecr, Zpd, MpYA, eBNz, FegWT, zKuayf, EBu, toS, hZs, xxBQIN, Wxu, kXrKx, dVfa, ycz, HFU, ESY, TEwJ, mlUZn, rSFu, PCN, gPo, Emr, jamX, LflP, Hthcdt, uKj, TzKefR, aav, pmu, niFZme, yJw, KhOTzs, UEz, QKn, BRNMx, aFM, ztzPm, jQdY, fwJ, ouI, SGZdcf, VpTX, MlV, rpexOD, dUIyM, vHXee, xDf, dWRnb, xgu, DlonEr, axXD, cEFPe, ermaBA, xYW, San, NCo, RCKdk, sMiDYo, oSX, FlyfN, ENxt, cPvxUm, okb, Thexw, HZq, iXXDh, IjWaAt, bzF, ZieOs, mWXn, Six, LONAqI, cxmtN, dRcFJC, TZQpy, LsNQLt, Wgj, lYZL, vobAG, Wlo, AXe, gFCoL, uZgugR, TpHNl, vCaAlC, JJBucq, dzg,