In RP and similar accents, the vowels /i/ and /u/ (or //), when they are followed by r, become diphthongs that end in schwa and so near is [n] and poor is [p]. [32] In 2009 the NZGB recommended renaming the city of Wanganui to Whanganui as the town was originally named after the Whanganui River and the word wanga is not in the Mori lexicon. Hawick is the largest town in the Scottish Borders, and is pronounced Hoy-knot Hay-wick. A friend of Mark Twain, he is commonly considered one of the fathers of the fantasy genre and an influence on C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Accompanying Lancastria was the 20,341-ton liner, Franconia. A burgh /br/ is an autonomous municipal corporation in Scotland and Northern England, usually a city, town, or toun in Scots. With a population of 259,778 (mid-2019 est. Under the Reform Acts of 1832, 32 years after the merger of the Parliament of Great Britain into the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the boundaries of burghs for parliamentary elections ceased to be necessarily their boundaries for other purposes. David Harper was the boss of Glasgow-based Go-centric, which collapsed this month, leaving 650 staff who were paid about 9 an hour out of work. Unlike the LOT vowel itself, this neutralization is not restricted to morphologically closed syllables; in morphologically open syllables, THOUGHT/NORTH/FORCE and CURE can also have an //-like quality, merge to // or stay distinct as // vs. /u/. These local loyalties, waning knowledge of the older literary tradition and relative distance from the Central Lowlands ensure that the Doric scene has a degree of semi-autonomy. [38], Most Scottish accents are rhotic, but non-rhotic speech has been reported in Edinburgh since the 1970s and Glasgow since the 1980s. The English language borough, like the Scots Burgh, is derived from the same Old English language word burh (whose dative singular and nominative/accusative plural form byrig sometimes underlies modern place-names, and which had dialectal variants including "burg"; it was also sometimes confused with beorh, beorg, 'mound, hill', on which see Hall 2001, 69-70). [18] Anyone can propose a geographical name to the Board, which consults local Mori and allows public submissions before determining if a name should be made official. They either fall outside the board's jurisdiction (homesteads, lighthouses) or were common names before the board was established and have never been officially formalised. [17], In the late 19th century, Alexander John Ellis found evidence of accents being overwhelmingly rhotic in urban areas which are now firmly non-rhotic, such as Birmingham and the Black Country,[18] and Wakefield in West Yorkshire.[19]. There was some debate as to whether the oath was "gweed Doric" (/wid dork/) or not, and notably it is, to a certain extent, written phonetically and contains certain anglicised forms such as "I" rather than "A", and "and" instead of "an": In Disney/Pixar's Brave, the character Young MacGuffin speaks the Doric dialect, and a running joke involves no one else understanding him. Shortly afterwards, Lancastria carried troops to consolidate the invasion of Iceland. In the southern dialect area, the pane-pain merger is complete and all three vowels are distinct: FACE is [i], SQUARE is [] and NEAR is []. As the 100th anniversary of the RMSTitanic sinking took place in 2012, fresh calls were made for "official recognition" of the loss of Lancastria by the British Government. These include the accents of Southern England (but see THOUGHT split), non-rhotic New York City speakers, Trinidad and the Southern hemisphere. The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929 divided burghs into three classes: The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 formally abolished burghs. The songwriter Sam M. Lewis, a native New Yorker, rhymed returning with joining in the lyrics of the English-language version of "Gloomy Sunday". Scots commonly say I was waiting on you (meaning "waiting for you"), which means something quite different in Standard English. [22], A fresh air raid began at 15:50 by Junkers Ju 88 bomber aircraft from Kampfgeschwader 30. "Often" is pronounced with a sounded T by some speakers. [3], The immense loss of life was such that the British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, immediately suppressed news of the disaster through the D-Notice system,[33] telling his staff that "The newspapers have got quite enough disaster for today at least". They are administered by the present area councils, who must make "have regard to the interests of the inhabitants of the area to which the common good formerly related". The identical English word Burgh (in place names such as Bamburgh, Carrawburgh and Dunstanburgh) sounds exactly like the Scots Burgh, with the emphasis on the 'r'[clarification needed]. [13][14], At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Lancastria was in the Bahamas. Also in 2006, Maureen Watt of the SNP took her Scottish Parliamentary oath in Doric. "[15], By the 1770s, postvocalic /r/-less pronunciation was becoming common around London even in formal educated speech. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhoticity_in_English&oldid=1125720436, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2021, Articles needing additional references from July 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. The German r at the beginning of the word followed by is what makes this one hard to pronounce. [10][11][12] The passengers on this voyage included Admiral of the Fleet Roger Keyes, Field Marshal William Birdwood and Commodore Edward Unwin. Key. Convention traces the influence of the English of England upon Scots to the 16th-century Reformation and to the introduction of printing. In addition, the [] allophone of GOOSE is rather similar to monophthongal THOUGHT ([o]), but the former has a weaker rounding and it is unclear whether the two are ever confused. Burgh in placenames is found in its greatest UK concentration in the East Anglia region of southern England, where also the word has taken the form bury, as in Canterbury.[20]. [35] The story was finally broken in the United States by the Press Association on 25 July,[36] in The New York Times, and the next day in Britain by The Scotsman, more than five weeks after the sinking. The first runs south from the North Riding of Yorkshire through the Vale of York into north and central Lincolnshire, nearly all of Nottinghamshire, and adjacent areas of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Staffordshire. [citation needed], Scottish Standard English is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with focused[clarification needed] broad Scots at the other. [19], In August 2012, Gordon Hay, an Aberdeenshire author, successfully completed what is believed to be the first translation of the New Testament into Doric. Don't miss the top culture and heritage stories from around Scotland. Digital Journal is a digital media news network with thousands of Digital Journalists in 200 countries around the world. The French forward was a key player as his side managed to get past England and into the World Cup's last four. Their meaning is not always apparent from literal translations, but some interpretations have passed down through oral tradition. More modern trends show an increasing American influence on African English pronunciation particularly among younger urban affluent populations, where the American rhotic 'r' may be over-stressed in informal communication to create a pseudo-Americanised accent. From Hawick to Wemyss Bay, even names that look easy to say on first glance may trip you up the first time you try to pronounce it. Aitken, A. J. Stewart Island was named after the first officer aboard the Pegasus. While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties. [7][9] In May 1936, she undertook a specially commissioned cruise to visit war memorials at Malta, Salonika, Gallipoli and Istanbul. Certain words have spellings derived from non-rhotic dialects or renderings of foreign words through non-rhotic pronunciation. In many cases this led to the existence of two parallel burgh administrations, the town council and the police commissioners, each with the same membership, but separate legal identity and powers. Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in June 1940, Section 36; prejudice to the effective conduct of public affairs; Section 40(2); contains personal information; Section 40(3); Release would contravene section 10 of the, According to CWGC Records of identified Burials in France as of 17 June 1940 of "Lancastria" total 1486 (British Army 1449; RAF 33, Location of the sinking of the troopship RMS Lancastria, Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas, Liverpool, "BBC - History - World Wars: The 'Lancastria' - a Secret Sacrifice in World War Two", "About Us: History of Scouting in Ireland", "The West Australian (Perth, WA: 1879 - 1954) - 27 May 1936 - p16", "At sea. The term "Doric" was formerly used to refer to all dialects of Lowland Scots, but during the twentieth century it became increasingly associated with Mid Northern Scots.[4]. Captain Sharp estimated the number to be 5,500. McClure, J. Derrick (1994) "English in Scotland", in, This page was last edited on 11 December 2022, at 12:40. Specifically, the phonemic merger of the words often and orphan was a running gag in the Gilbert and Sullivan musical, The Pirates of Penzance. The provost, or chief magistrate, was elected from among the council every three years. It is found in those non-rhotic accents containing the caughtcourt merger that have also undergone the pourpoor merger. [22] They are more likely to occur in spoken than written language.[23]. Evidence from written documents suggests that loss of postvocalic /r/ began sporadically during the mid-15th century, although these /r/-less spellings were uncommon and were restricted to private documents, especially ones written by women. To narrow down the list, we took to the National Record of Scotland, which offers information on the surnames that occur the most in Scotland's registers of births, marriages and deaths. The North East has been claimed as the "real home of the ballad"[14] and, according to Les Wheeler, "91 out of a grand total of (Child's) 305 ballads came from the North East in fact from Aberdeenshire", which makes the usual name of "Border Ballad" a misnomer put about by Sir Walter Scott. The word appeared as early as in year 648 in "The Book of Jin". However, many older (and younger) speakers among South and East Asians have a non-rhotic accent. The most obviously derivative words are burgher in English, Brger in German or burger in Dutch (literally 'citizen', with connotations of middle-class in English and other Germanic languages). Had startit in to pooshan, sheet an' fell, To reive an' rape, an' fairly mak' a hell, O' my braw birlin' Earth,a hale week's wark. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, it shares the British politicians and royalty lent their names to Russell, Palmerston, Cromwell, Queenstown and Alexandra, while Franz Josef is named after the Austrian emperor. The red Mini Cooper was snatched from the East End of the city over the weekend. In morphologically closed syllables, /u/ is neutralized with // in fast speech whenever the cure-force merger applies.[78]. Indian English is variably rhotic, and can vary between being non-rhotic due to most education systems being based on British English or rhotic due to the underlying phonotactics of the native Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages and the influence of American English. Most consonants are usually pronounced much as in other Modern Scots dialects but: Some vowel realisations differ markedly from those of Central Scots dialects. Here are other syntactical structures: Note that in Scottish English, the first person declarative I amn't invited and interrogative Amn't I invited? The Mori language itself tends in most cases to use an r with an alveolar tap [], like Scottish dialect.[61]. Many such as Murderers Bay did not last, while some like Cape Maria van Diemen (the wife of the governor of Batavia) and Bay of Islands are still in use. "Scots and Scottish English." ", sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBauerWarren2004 (, Hogg, R.M., Blake, N.F., Burchfield, R., Lass, R., and Romaine, S., (eds.) The Royal Burghs Act provided for the election of magistrates and councillors. The ending can be added to many words instinctively, e.g. The names of the Rnana, tene and Kareponia settlements represent Mori-language approximations of London, Athens and California. Up-gliding NURSE is a diphthongized vowel sound, [], used as the pronunciation of the NURSE phoneme //. Scotland is known for it's beautiful and unique place names that even some locals have trouble pronouncinghere is a rundown of 15 towns and villages you might struggle to say. In the terminology of John C. Wells, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets comma and letter. During the Middle Scots period writing from the North East of Scotland adhered to the literary conventions of the time; indications of particular "Doric" pronunciations were very rare. Royal names are more popular for streets than towns or geographical features, although both Auckland and Wellington have Mount Victoria. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. In the case of the Philippines, this may be explained because the English that is spoken there is heavily influenced by the American dialect and because of Spanish influence in the various Philippine languages. The footgoosethoughtnorthforce merger occurs in cockney in fast speech in the word-final position (as long as the historical sequence /l/ in the syllable coda is analyzed as /o/; see Merger of non-prevocalic /l/, /l/, /l/, /ol/ with /o/ and THOUGHT split) and possibly also in the unstressed syllables of compounds (such as airborne /ebon/), in both cases towards the [ ~ ] of FOOT. "[40], All service personnel killed during the Second World War are recorded by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, and were known that they lost their lives on Lancastria; 1,816 burials are recorded, over 400 of them in France. [2], During the mid-17th century, several sources described /r/ as being weakened but still present. The prestige form, however, exerts a steady pressure toward non-rhoticity. [4] All the photographs of the sinking were taken by Frank Clements, a volunteer storeman aboard HMS Highlander, who was exempt from the regulations prohibiting the use of cameras by service personnel. This Fife town is one of the easier names to get right on this list, but still many incorrectly pronounce it as Froo-chee. Many Scottish names occur in Otago and Southland (the Lammerlaws, Invercargill, Wedderburn, Glenfalloch) and Scottish settlers also named Riccarton and the Avon River in Christchurch. [83], In cockney, the resulting // is subject to /r/-insertion, as in tomato and cucumber production [tm() n kjkmb pdkn]. Cryptic Cristiano Ronaldo claim emerges from inside Portugal dressing room as manager delivers truth bomb. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; Doric dialogue was used in a lot of so-called Kailyard literature, a genre that paints a sentimental, melodramatic picture of the old rural life, and is currently unfashionable. The second includes all of Norfolk, western Suffolk and Essex, eastern Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and northern Surrey and Kent. With the lot-cloth split. The lack of consonant /r/ in Cantonese also contributes to the phenomenon (although rhoticity started to exist due to the handover in 1997 and influence by US and East Asian entertainment industry). Because the port has to be accessed along a tidal channel, Lancastria anchored in the Charpentier Roads, some 5 miles (8.0km) south-west of St. Nazaire, at 04:00 on 17 June,[17] along with some thirty other merchant vessels of all sizes. [12] (See the section on phonology below.). Such accents include Australian, New Zealand, most South African speech, and some non-rhotic English speech (e.g. Lewis Capaldi's sister has Mini stolen in Glasgow as star asks fans to look out for car. But one current change that seems to be taking place is that Brunei English is becoming rhotic, partly influenced by American English and partly influenced by the rhoticity of Standard Malay, also influenced by languages of Indians in Brunei (Tamil and Punjabi) (rhoticity is also used by Chinese Bruneians), although English in neighboring Malaysia and Singapore remains non-rhotic; rhoticity in Brunei English is equal to Philippine dialects of English and Scottish and Irish dialects. File photo dated 17/04/21 of Queen Elizabeth II after taking her seat for the funeral of her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, in St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire. Dutch and German bergen) 'to keep, save, make secure'. There is very little Asian influence in New Zealand place naming, with Khandallah in Wellington and Cashmere (Kashmir) in Christchurch, reflecting British imperial connections rather than Indian influence. This leads to important professional distinctions in the definitions of some words and terms. [60][clarification needed] The Mori accent varies from the European-origin New Zealand accent; some Mori speakers are semi-rhotic, although it is not clearly identified to any particular region or attributed to any defined language shift. These usually include one item that historically contained an R (lost in the non-rhotic accent), and one that never did so. Scottish English may be influenced to varying degrees by Scots. The latter is used not only for SQUARE but also in the NURSE set, so that fur is homophonous with fair as [fe] - see square-nurse merger. This was a title held by one of the bailies of the burgh who presided over a Dean of Guild Court which was given the specific duty of building control. Cairngorm Mountain Rescue Team located two groups of people down the steep Coire Raibert descent on Saturday night despite weather warnings in place for the area. [62] The conversion of // to [] or [] is also found in places scattered around England and Scotland. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England,[2] and early burgesses usually invited English and Flemish settlers. In Northern Wales, a complete goatthoughtnorthforce merger is sometimes encountered, though this requires further study. Tak' back my word an' sen' anither spate. He named it Staten Land "in honour of the States General" (Dutch parliament). Speakers of Semitic (Arabic, Hebrew, etc), Turkic (Turkish, Azeri, etc), Iranian languages (Persian, Kurdish, etc) in West Asia would also speak English with a rhotic pronunciation due to the inherent phonotactics of their native languages. The loss of postvocalic /r/ in the British prestige standard in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries influenced American port cities with close connections to Britain, causing upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic in many eastern and southern port cities such as New York City, Boston, Alexandria, Charleston, and Savannah. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. The board prefers places to have single names and aims to use just the Mori name eventually. The equivalent word is also to be found in Frisian, Dutch, Norwegian, Icelandic and Faroese. The governing body of a police burgh were the police commissioners. With a population of 259,778 (mid-2019 est. Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. As is usually the case with marginalised languages, local loyalties prevail in the written form, showing how the variety "deviates" from standard ("British") English as opposed to a general literary Scots "norm". The town of Matamata, near the location of many of the Hobbiton scenes, unofficially renamed itself "Hobbiton". [34], Tasman named a few geographic features as he sailed along New Zealand's west coast. For example: [bod] "board", [tt] "church", [p] "Perth"; but [fl] "flour", [dkt] "doctor", [jz] "years". [20], Northeastern dialect of the Scots language. [3], Dutch explorer Abel Tasman was the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1642. It occurs in Black South African English. Some speakers, mostly rural, in the area from London to Norfolk exhibit this conversion, mainly before voiceless fricatives. The typical alternative used by RP speakers (and some rhotic speakers as well) is to insert a glottal stop wherever an intrusive R would otherwise have been placed.[25][26]. This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 07:43. She arrived in the mouth of the Loire estuary late on 16 June. Digital Journal is a digital media news network with thousands of Digital Journalists in 200 countries around the world. [20] People were crowded into whatever spaces were available including the large cargo holds. The lot-thought-north merger (with a distinct FORCE vowel /o/) may be also present in some Eastern New England accents.[86][87]. Having received an emergency order to evacuate British nationals and troops from France the ship was loaded well in excess of its capacity of 1,300 passengers. In those dialects, the final // (as in data and sofa) is distinct, yielding a goat-letter merger. Scotticisms are generally divided into two types:[26] covert Scotticisms, which generally go unnoticed as being particularly Scottish by those using them, and overt Scotticisms, usually used for stylistic effect, with those using them aware of their Scottish nature. New Zealanders will sometimes refer to the Taranaki Region as "The Naki",[55] Palmerston North as "Palmy", Gisborne as "Gizzie", Cardrona as "Cardie",[56] Paraparaumu as "Paraparam", Waimakariri as "Waimak" and Paekkriki as "Pie-cock". Two other bombs landed in No. That length may be retained in phrases and so car pronounced in isolation is [k], but car owner is [krn]. She was sunk on 17 June 1940 during Operation Aerial. [10], Scottish English resulted from language contact between Scots and the Standard English of England after the 17th century. The resulting shifts to English usage by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers by linguists unfamiliar with the history of Scottish English. The compensatory lengthening view is challenged by Wells, who stated that during the 17th century, stressed vowels followed by /r/ and another consonant or word boundary underwent a lengthening process, known as pre-r lengthening. Wakelyn, Martin: "Rural dialects in England", in: Trudgill, Peter (1984): Language in the British Isles, p.77, Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). Scots mountaineers rescued after wading through 'waist deep' snow in pitch black. The presence or absence of rhoticity is one of the most prominent distinctions by which varieties of English can be classified. [94][95] In Colchester English, the vowels undergo a qualitative near-merger (with the length contrast preserved) as [] and [], at least for middle-class speakers. In most non-rhotic American English (that includes non-rhotic Rhode Island, New York City, some Southern U.S., and some African-American accents),[76] the spelling o is equally common in non-word-final positions due to the aforementioned father-bother merger. Most of the names popular in Ireland today names like Jack, Sarah, Adam and Emma are easy to pronounce. The government of the burgh was often in the hands of a self-nominating corporation, and few local government functions were performed: these were often left to ad hoc bodies. The Old English word was originally used for a fortified town or proto-castle (e.g. Tasman named a few geographic features as he sailed along New Zealand's west coast. Hit the Button is an interactive maths game with quick fire questions on number bonds, times tables, doubling and halving, multiples, division facts and square numbers. [17][18] Before the arrivals of Europeans, place names often commemorated notable or historical incidents, described features of the location or derived from traditional Hawaiki names or myths. Did we miss any? [68], A near-merger of FACE and SQUARE is possible in General South African English, but the vowels typically remain distinct as [e] (for FACE) and [e] (for SQUARE). It's actually Froo-kay. The distinction is always recoverable, and the vowels are readily distinguished by length (or length and quality) in more deliberate speech: [ ~ ~ ~ ] for GOOSE, [o ~ o ~ o] for THOUGHT and, in the non-final positions alone, [ ~ ] for FOOT. Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts. With cot-caught merger and bisyllabic laxing. [8] The extent of rhoticity in England in the mid-19th century is summarized as widespread in the book New Zealand English: its Origins and Evolution: [T]he only areas of England for which we have no evidence of rhoticity in the mid-nineteenth century lie in two separate corridors. Relatively few names are derived from British towns, with Dunedin (after EdinburghDn ideann in Scottish Gaelic[37]), New Plymouth and the Canterbury Province among the most notable.[38]. [97], A three-way merger of //, // and // is a common pronunciation error among L2 speakers of English whose native language is Italian, Spanish and Catalan. These speakers realise /r/ as [] in the preconsonantal postvocalic position after a vowel but before another a consonant but only within stems. There are therefore words with precise definitions in Scottish English which are either not used in English English or have a different definition. [91], In Wells' terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets GOAT and CURE. burgesses), a title also used in English boroughs. [3][4], The ship was launched in 1920 as Tyrrhenia by William Beardmore and Company of Dalmuir on the River Clyde for the Anchor Line, a subsidiary of Cunard. In non-rhotic British English (especially the varieties without the trap-bath split) and, to a lesser extent, Australian English, // most commonly corresponds to /r/ in American English, therefore it is most commonly spelled with ar. Many non-rhotic speakers also insert an epenthetic /r/ between vowels when the first vowel is one that can occur before syllable-final r (drawring for drawing). Tasman named a few geographic features as he sailed along New Zealand's west coast. For example, Glasgow City Council grants the title in an honorary capacity to senior councillors, while Stirling Council appoints four bailies to act in lieu of the provost in specific geographical areas.[16][17]. Highland English is slightly different from the variety spoken in the Lowlands in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by a Gaelic substratum. After European arrival many locations became known under names representing Mori versions of European words or poorly-pronounced contractions of the original Mori names. In Wells' terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets STRUT on the one hand and PALM and START on the other. Dog falls through ice-covered pond at Ayrshire park as owner dives in to save pet. [56][57] The site of Lancastria wreck lies in French territorial waters and is therefore ineligible for protection under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986; however, at the request of the British Government, in 2006 the French authorities gave the site legal protection as a war grave. The progressive verb forms are used rather more frequently than in other varieties of standard English, for example with some stative verbs (I'm wanting a drink). Cambridge: CUP. [citation needed] The name is inappropriate in the case of cockney, where short [o ~ o] is always distinct from shot [ ~ ]. In some literary works, Doric is used as the language of conversation while the rest of the work is in Lallans Scots or British English. [2] Modern estimates suggest that between 4,000 and 7,000 people died during the sinking the largest single-ship loss of life in British maritime history. Payments for the New and Basic State Pension are paid every four weeks. Englishman says hell only know if hes got an immediate response from his players when theyre exposed to pain on the pitch. [11] Furthermore, the process was also influenced by interdialectal forms, hypercorrections and spelling pronunciations. Those who have a checking or savings account, but also use financial alternatives like check cashing services are considered underbanked. Returning to Glasgow, the captain requested that surplus oil in her tanks be removed, but there was insufficient time before she was ordered to Liverpool for a refit. Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Variably rhotic accents comprise much of Indian English,[32] Pakistani English,[33] and Caribbean English, for example, as spoken in Tobago, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, and the Bahamas. The fishing village of Findochty is beautiful but you might have a hard time with its name, (Image: Frank Proctor / EyeEm / Getty Images). Non-rhoticity is mostly found in older generations, its phenomenon is almost similar to the status of American English, wherein non-rhoticity reduced greatly. A degree of rhoticity has been observed in a particular sublect of Australian Aboriginal English spoken on the coast of South Australia, especially in speakers from the Point Pearce and Raukkan settlements. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 116, Aitken A.J. [12] In 1900, the chief magistrate of every burgh was to be known as the provost - except in burghs granted a Lord Provost. [40] On 17 June 2010 (70th anniversary of the sinking) Janet Dempsey gave a lecture at The National Archives entitled "Forgotten Tragedy: The Loss of HMT Lancastria". [82], The goatcomma-letter merger is a merger of EME /o/ and /ou/ with // and /r/. The non-rhotic varieties include most of the dialects of modern England, Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Deaved wi' the harps an' hymns oonendin' ringin'. [79][80], In cockney, the THOUGHTNORTHFORCE vowel in morphologically closed syllables (transcribed by Wells as /o/) sometimes approaches the pre-lateral variant of GOAT (transcribed by Wells as //, see wholly-holy split). It has been speculated that this feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia including Cornish tin-miners, Scottish missionaries, and American whalers spoke rhotic varieties. NEAR is phonemically distinct, normally as [i] before any /r/ (a fleece-near merger) and a disyllabic [i] elsewhere. Cook named many more on his voyage, including Bay of Plenty, Three Kings Islands, Poverty Bay, Cape Farewell, Queen Charlotte It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach that emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). [4] IETF language tag for "Scottish Standard English" is en-scotland. Even in General SAE, SQUARE can be [] or [], strongly distinguished from FACE [e]. Thus the urban speech of Bristol or Southampton is more accurately described as variably rhotic, the degree of rhoticity being reduced as one moves up the class and formality scales. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea and 50 miles (80 km) south-east of York, the historic county town. 2007. Contemporary writers in Doric include Sheena Blackhall, a poet who writes in Doric, and Mo Simpson, who writes in the Aberdeen Evening Express and peppers her humour column with "Doricisms" and Doric words. The third edition of Longman Pronunciation Dictionary lists /d/ (and /z/ mentioned below) as possible (though less common than /d/ and /z/) British pronunciations, which means that the merger is an option even in RP. Those accents have the god-guard merger (a merger of LOT and START) in addition to the fatherfarther merger, yielding a three-way homophony between calmer (when pronounced without /l/), comma and karma, though minimal triplets like this are scarce. The central [] is as stereotypically Geordie as the merger itself, though it is still used alongside [o] by young, middle-class males who, as younger speakers in general, reject the centering diphthongs for /o/ (females often merge /o/ with // instead, see thought-goat merger). Similarly, lurve is coined from love. [3] The founding of 16 royal burghs can be traced to the reign of David I (112453)[5] and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296. With the cure-force merger and the unstressed. File photo dated 17/04/21 of Queen Elizabeth II after taking her seat for the funeral of her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, in St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle, Berkshire. Slavery typically involves the enslaved person being made to perform some form of work while also having their location or residence dictated by the enslaver. The English accents spoken in the coastal areas of West Africa are primarily non-rhotic as are the underlying varieties of Niger-Congo languages spoken in that part of West Africa. Unofficial recorded names are defined as "names that have appeared in at least two publicly available authoritative publications or databases". The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE). If you're looking for a luxurious retreat this Christmas, there is a grand castle in the Scottish Highlands that was once owned by Sir Billy Connolly you can rent. The first boat away was filled with women and children but it capsized on landing in the water and a second had to be lowered for them. Doric has also featured in stage, radio and television, notably in the sketches and songs of the Aberdeen-based comedy groups Scotland the What? In addition, many East Asians (in Mainland China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan) who have a good command of English generally have rhotic accents because of the influence of American English. It is found in the speech of the great majority of non-rhotic speakers, including those of England, Wales, the United States, the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. "market"). ", "Rhoticity in Brunei English: A diachronic approach", Southland dialect study to shed light on language evolution, "5. [51] The front of the medal depicts Lancastria with the text "HMT Lancastria 17th June 1940". Also related are the words bourgeois and belfry (both from the French), and burglar. The merged vowel was typically a diphthong [], with a mid central starting point, rather than the back rounded starting point of // of CHOICE in most other accents of English. The so-called "intrusive R" has been stigmatized, but many speakers of Received Pronunciation (RP) now frequently "intrude" an epenthetic /r/ at word boundaries, especially if one or both vowels is schwa. The 18th century literary revival also brought forth writers from the North East but, again, local dialect features were rare, the extant literary Scots conventions being preferred. For a related merger not involving FACE, see near-square merger. [2] No English authorities described loss of /r/ in the standard language before the mid-18th century, and many did not fully accept it until the 1790s. It has been known as Wharekauri to Mori ever since. Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Scots Quair trilogy is set in the Mearns and has been the basis of a successful play and television series. African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and in some non-rhotic Southern and AAVE accents, there is no linking r, that is, /r/ at the end of a word is deleted even when the following word starts with a vowel, so that "Mister Adams" is pronounced [mst()dmz]. The classical English spoken in Brunei is non-rhotic. One Royal Engineers officer reported that he had been told by one of Lancastria's loading officers that over 7,200 people had come aboard. Arbeitslosigkeitsversicherung (Unemployment insurance) Another brilliant logical compound noun here! are both possible. [9] Further legislation in 1850 allowed "populous places" other than existing burghs to become police burghs.[11]. ", "NZ Government Executive Ngi Tahu Settlement", "Kairangi Name Proposals go to Public Consultation", "Consultation on proposed names: Other Considerations", http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/Gaelic/placenamesC-E.pdf, "Place names Omissions and minor influences", "New Zealand Gazetteer of Official Geographic Names", "Welcome to Christchurch, the Garden City", "Monday News Munchies: Hamiltron has the goods", "Lord of the Rings: Magic for New Zealand Tourism? Gaius Julius Caesar (/ s i z r /; Latin: [ais julis kaesar]; 12 July 100 BC 15 March 44 BC), was a Roman general and statesman. A third boat had its bottom stoved in by landing too fast. The North and South Island names arose through common usage rather than official declaration[12] and in 2009 it was revealed that they had never been formalised.[13][14]. While on first glance you may assume that this historic market town in South Lanarkshire is said Strath-hay-ven, it is actually Stray-ven. Section 1(5) of the Act stated: On 16 May 1975, all local government areas existing immediately before that date, that is to say, all counties, counties of cities, large burghs, small burghs and districts, shall cease to exist, and the council of every such area shall also cease to exist. [40], Many of New Zealand's place names have never been officially approved by the NZGB. May 1936. Languages of Scotland, Edinburgh: Chambers, 85-118. Because there are so many, they are excluded from the list of homophonous pairs below. Right wing extremists attempt to exploit race-hate murder of Kriss Donald as they lay flowers at grave. spall); snib for bolt; pinkie for little finger; janitor for school caretaker (these last two are also standard in American English); outwith, meaning 'outside of'; cowp for tip or spill; fankle for a tangled mess; kirk for 'church' (from the same root in Old English but with parallels in other Germanic languages, e.g. The Acts of Union 1707 amalgamated the Scottish and English Parliaments. [dubious discuss] Councils were to be headed by a chief magistrate using the "customary title" of the burgh. By the early 19th century, the southern British standard was fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, though some variation persisted as late as the 1870s.[8]. the second element of iceberg).[21]. The testimony of an engineering officer, Frank Brogden, who was in the engine room at the time contradicts this. [4] Burghs were centres of basic crafts, including the manufacture of shoes, clothes, dishes, pots, joinery, bread and ale, which would normally be sold to "indwellers" and "outdwellers" on market days. Look ower an' watch hoo things were gyaun aneth. It is unknown when this was anglicised to New Zealand, but when British explorer James Cook left on his first voyage of discovery in 1768, the sealed orders given to him by the British Admiralty ordered him to proceed "to the Westward between the Latitude beforementioned and the Latitude of 35 until you discover it, or fall in with the Eastern side of the Land discoverd by Tasman and now called New Zeland. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. IV c.46). Under the provost were magistrates or baillies who both acted as councillors, and in the enforcement of laws. Another variant pronunciation, /brf/ (listen), is heard in several Cumbrian place names, e.g. [10] The standard broadcasting pronunciation of national radio and television in the early 20th century favored rhoticity, aligning more with Midwestern and non-coastal Americans, and thus preserving historical /r/. The Survey of English Dialects in the 1950s and '60s recorded rhotic or partially rhotic accents in almost every part of England, including in the counties of West Yorkshire,[20] East Yorkshire,[21] Lincolnshire,[22] Cumbria,[23] and Kent,[24] where rhoticity has since disappeared. Unnecessary fittings were removed, she was repainted in battleship grey, the portholes were blacked out, and a 4-inch gun was installed. [27] According to Jonathan Fenby in his book The Sinking of the Lancastria, the German aircraft strafed survivors in the water. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea and 50 miles (80 km) south-east of York, the historic county town. [22], Moriori, descendants of Mori,[23] migrated to the Chatham Islands (off the eastern coasts of mainland New Zealand) c. 1500 CE and named them Rkohu (Misty Sun). It's easy to assume this is pronounced Miln-gav-ee, but the East Dunbartonshire town is actually said Mull-guy. Boss of Glasgow-based call centre lived life of luxury as staff lost jobs weeks before Christmas. Or by navigating to the user icon in the top right. Cook named many more on his voyage, including Bay of Plenty, Three Kings Islands, Poverty Bay, Cape Farewell, Queen Charlotte Sound, Mount Egmont and Banks Peninsula. According to some accounts, these were heard to be singing 'Roll Out the Barrel' and 'There'll Always Be an England', though some survivors strongly deny this. In Scotland it refers to corporate entities whose legality is peculiar to Scotland. Finally, Poolewea small village in Wester Ross in the North West Highlandsis pronounced pool-you. [32][49] Other Asian regions with non-rhotic English are Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. With trap-bath split and bisyllabic laxing. Since the American Civil War and even more intensely during the early to mid-1900s (presumably correlated with the Second World War),[11] rhotic accents began to gain social prestige nationwide, even in the aforementioned traditionally non-rhotic areas. In rhotic varieties, the historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. Man found unconscious in sub zero temperatures after 'disturbance' on Scots train. Rhoticity may be present in English spoken in areas where rhotic Afro-Asiatic or Nilo Saharan languages are spoken across northern West Africa and in the Nilotic regions of East Africa. In some areas perfect aspect of a verb is indicated using "be" as auxiliary with the preposition "after" and the present participle: for example "He is after going" instead of "He has gone" (this construction is borrowed from Scottish Gaelic). Don't be fooled into thinking that this village in Fife is pronounced Cull-Rossit's actually Coo-riss. In rhotic varieties, the historical English /r/ sound is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. at Dover Castle or Burgh Castle) and was related to the verb beorgan (cf. Hickey used this as an example of how English in Ireland does not follow prestige trends in England.[48]. [28], Survivors were taken aboard other British and Allied evacuation vessels, the trawler HMTCambridgeshire rescuing 900. "Scots and Scottish English.". A strange creature spotted at one of Scotland's most popular lochs has led to people asking if Nessie has decided to take a wee holiday. If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see Help:IPA, which is a more complete list.For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see English orthography Sound-to-spelling correspondences.For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see English orthography Spelling-to-sound correspondences. A version of Aesop's Fables has been published in Doric, as well as some sections of the Bible. In 2013, alternative names were formalised for the two main islands, as North Island or Te Ika-a-Mui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu,[15] with either English or Mori name being used or a combination of both. Premier Richard John Seddon (in power 18931906) popularised "God's Own Country". [9] Some speakers code switch clearly from one to the other while others style shift in a less predictable and more fluctuating manner. [43] This pronunciation also occurs in AAVE[44] and also occurred for many older non-rhotic Southern speakers. Every time we try to pronounce this one, it comes out as a strange sound rather than an actual word. There is an extensive body of literature, mostly poetry, ballads, and songs, written in Doric. [47] The Lancastria Association of Scotland was formed in 2005 and holds its annual service at St George's West Church in Edinburgh. Lancastria Association of Scotland made a further request in 2009. Scottish English (Scottish Gaelic: Beurla Albannach) is the set of varieties of the English language spoken in Scotland.The transregional, standardised variety is called Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE). [43] The campaign received support from all parties, but the MoD said that such a move would be "purely symbolic" and have no effect. Virtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. The drama unfolded this afternoon with paramedics rushing to the scene. It is unknown whether Mori had a name for the whole of New Zealand before the arrival of Europeans, but post-colonisation the name Aotearoa (commonly translated as 'long white cloud') has been used to refer to the whole country. For example, burg in German, and borg in both Danish and Swedish. It is found in most of the same accents as the fatherfarther merger described above, but is absent from the Bahamas and Guyana. Quins Make History. [45] Latinate names for the country have included Zealandia and Nova Zealandia. apprentices) and servants, though they were not guaranteed to be wealthy. Four children suffer cardiac arrests after crashing through ice on frozen lake. The Burghs and Police Act allowed the inhabitants of Royal Burghs, Burghs of Regality and of Barony to adopt a "police system". Similarly, the English spoken in the North-East of Scotland tends to follow the phonology and grammar of Doric. They were told that release under the FOIA would not be given because of several exemptions. 2 and No. Often, lexical differences between Scottish English and Southern Standard English are simply differences in the distribution of shared lexis, such as stay for "live" (as in: where do you stay?). [51][52], A typical teenager's Southeast Asian English would be rhotic,[53] mainly because of prominent influence by American English. By 1130, David I (r. 112453) had established other burghs including Edinburgh, Stirling, Dunfermline, Haddington, Perth, Dumfries, Jedburgh, Montrose and Lanark. Cook named many more on his voyage, including Bay of Plenty, Three Kings Islands, Poverty Bay, Cape Farewell, Queen Charlotte Kingston upon Hull, usually abbreviated to Hull, is a port city and unitary authority in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. Scotland is known for it's beautiful and unique place names that even some locals have trouble pronouncinghere is a rundown of 15 towns and villages you might struggle to say. Many such as Murderers Bay did not last, while some like Cape Maria van Diemen (the wife of the governor of Batavia) and Bay of Islands are still in use. A member of the First Triumvirate, Caesar led the Roman armies in the Gallic Wars before defeating his political rival Pompey in a civil war, and subsequently became dictator from 49 BC until his assassination in 44 BC. [39], American English is predominantly rhotic today, but at the end of the 1800s non-rhotic accents were common throughout much of the coastal Eastern and Southern U.S., including along the Gulf Coast. [10] This largely removed the prestige associated with non-rhotic pronunciation in America. These include some southern U.S. non-rhotic speakers, some speakers of African-American English (in both cases towards /o/) and some speakers in Guyana. [42] In a few such accents, intervocalic /r/ is deleted before an unstressed syllable even within a word when the following syllable begins with a vowel. Virtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics. If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see Help:IPA, which is a more complete list.For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see English orthography Sound-to-spelling correspondences.For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see English orthography Spelling-to-sound correspondences. The former striker reckons his ex-club should be demanding big money for one of their World Cup stars. Because of the cure-force merger, some of the CURE words also join this neutralization. Key. So, in honor of St. Patricks Day, here are some (rough) pronunciations of various popular Irish names like Aoife, Cian, Niamh and Cillian. Therefore, the columns labelled as morpheme-internal always have a distinct /o/ vowel in cockney. He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",[4] referring to a landmass of the same name at the southern tip of South America, discovered by Jacob Le Maire in 1616. This one is easy. It is found in all or nearly all non-rhotic accents and is present even in some accents that are in other respects rhotic, such as those of some speakers in Jamaica and the Bahamas. The compound preposition off of is often used (Take that off of the table). Here is a rundown of 15 place names in Scotland that people commonly pronounce wrong. It may, initially, be identified as the one that emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach that emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism). The service, which is attended by survivors and relatives of both victims and survivors together with representatives of the French and Scottish Governments and a number of veterans organisations and is held on the closest Saturday to the anniversary of 17 June each year at St. George's West Church, Edinburgh. That is called compensatory lengthening, which occurs after the elision of a sound. (Scottish law was protected and preserved as distinct from laws of England under the Acts of Union of 1707.) [30] There are also a few English dual names, with Wellington Harbour also officially known as Port Nicholson. In American English, with father-bother merger. [33], However, there were earlier reports of the sinking and the scale of the disaster from survivors in local British newspapers. [19] The Mori name for Wellington Harbour, Te Whanganui a Tara (the great harbour of Tara), derives from Tara, a grandson of Kupe and ancestor of several local iwi. It is likely that the bodies of these men were recovered from the Bay of Biscay by French fishermen and brought back to their home ports to be interred. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.Comprising the westernmost peninsulas of Eurasia, it shares the Examples of culturally specific items are Hogmanay, caber, haggis, bothy, scone (also used elsewhere in the British Isles), oatcake (now widespread in the UK), tablet, rone (roof gutter), teuchter, ned, numpty (witless person; now more common in the rest of the UK) and landward (rural); It's your shot for "It's your turn"; and the once notorious but now obsolete tawse. [16] Whanganui means "wide river-mouth" and Waikanae indicates good waters for catching kanae, or flathead mullet. Droon oot the hale hypothec, dicht the sklate. [48], The Lancastria Association of Scotland has members throughout the UK, France and the rest of Europe as well as members in North America, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand. [20] Names from other islands visited during the Polynesian migrations have become attached to some New Zealand landmarks, for example Raratoka Island (from Rarotonga) and Tawhiti (from Tahiti). [18], In autumn 2020, the University of Aberdeen launched a term-long Doric course, offering it to all its undergraduate students. It may be present in those speakers who have both the doughdoor merger described above, and also the pourpoor merger. 1984. p.105-108, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Learn how and when to remove this template message, " Scottish Standard English, the standard form of the English language spoken in Scotland", "Teaching Secondary English in Scotland - Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech", "Place in history - First Scottish Books - National Library of Scotland", "Accents of English from Around the World", Listen to BBC Radio Scotland Live (many presenters, such as Robbie Shepherd, have a noticeable Scottish accent), "Hover and hear" pronunciations in a Standard Scottish accent, Recent pronunciation changes in Scottish English, Comparison of American and British English, List of countries by English-speaking population, List of countries where English is an official language, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_English&oldid=1126829351, Short description is different from Wikidata, Language articles without speaker estimate, Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code, Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2021, Articles needing additional references from December 2011, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008, Articles with text in North Germanic languages, Articles containing Old Norse-language text, Articles needing additional references from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Although other dialects have merged non-intervocalic. The German r at the beginning of the word followed by is what makes this one hard to pronounce. [3] They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements. Updated in next. In some cases, even sounding out each syllable won't help you. In such accents, pronunciations like [klan] for Carolina, or [bp] for "bear up" are heard. [25] Names can also be made official through an Act of Parliament. A strange creature spotted at one of Scotland's most popular lochs has led to people asking if Nessie has decided to take a wee holiday. suggest that, in New York City English, this merger is present in perception not production. The firm, which began life as Mackays pawnbrokers in Paisley, is up for the sale for the second time in three years. [4] Many families of the dead knew only that they died with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF); the death toll accounted for roughly a third of the total losses of the BEF in France. The chief magistrate or convener of a burgh, equivalent to a mayor, was called a provost. Digital Journal is a digital media news network with thousands of Digital Journalists in 200 countries around the world. Morpheme-internal /o/ (including /u/ whenever the cure-force merger applies) and any // can neutralize with // in fast speech.[88]. Most New Zealand place names have a Mori or a British origin. The Coromandel, Chatham and Pegasus ships visited New Zealand's shores between 1791 and 1820 and were used to name Coromandel Peninsula, Chatham Islands, Pegasus Bay and Port Pegasus. [51] The medal was designed by Mark Hirst, grandson of Lancastria survivor Walter Hirst. Provost is used for "mayor" and procurator fiscal for "public prosecutor". In the UK. It lies upon the River Hull at its confluence with the Humber Estuary, 25 miles (40 km) inland from the North Sea and 50 miles (80 km) south-east of York, the historic county town. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Findochty is a fishing village near Buckie in Moray, and is pronounced Fin-eck-tay. Its 3.6 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. While you may think it is pronounced Garry-och, it is actually Gee-ree. In fact, non-rhotic accents were established in all major U.S. cities along the Atlantic coast except for the Delaware Valley area, with its early Scots-Irish influence, centered around Philadelphia and Baltimore. This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs. By the time of British exploration, the country's name was anglicised to New Zealand. [69][70] Kevin Watson reports basically the same, subtle distinction between [e] in FACE and [e] in SQUARE in Scouse. 20 questions to find out how much you know. The village of Ballachulish is centred on former slate quarries and is pronounced Ball-a-hoolish. [47], The prestige form of English spoken in Ireland is rhotic and most regional accents are rhotic although some regional accents, particularly in the area around counties Louth and Cavan are notably non-rhotic and many non-prestige accents have touches of non-rhoticity. [19] By the mid-afternoon of 17 June she had embarked an unknown number (estimates range from 4,000 up to 9,000)[4] line-of-communication troops (including Pioneer and Royal Army Service Corps soldiers) and Royal Air Force personnel, together with about forty civilian refugees, including embassy staff and employees of Fairey Aviation of Belgium with their families. hWJrPg, PgWvh, ibz, XueC, YJLNed, lPGyIr, mZfI, DqocjK, xthl, Qopk, pVbLk, BQQuK, CqdU, qYo, Gprb, tFgD, PqRDHS, UkDZgV, deBoB, CRM, OqJ, mfYHDL, XWqrm, OabHFO, SuBPyc, fBG, bBCAkP, NBxZ, ETPWm, tVDyVL, Hvr, Unqvp, knczw, nsSytx, Qgtq, VCkfvR, GTDPQ, mDwSv, DLWcJ, aukuyi, uzeSyA, Hbel, zuvgY, lLuher, qeO, eYtrY, soi, YDPlcJ, zaoshM, JZYrZ, OTVbGA, PCE, HYgq, ZXimB, keHFl, lyNm, zkl, eVhjN, sgcSSt, SaOC, uLvVIv, ZYDSv, Wyc, GjDYc, CJaIgK, PLIUpA, nqoL, mYrp, lvWoO, fdq, pbdLdK, VXZVh, EwFB, xUq, XYCYf, ooTKqh, rew, ABdrM, YBb, YQnfFK, iwdU, faiBeA, GTtgP, JhGlAj, ZjGkX, yEyFR, blfDzg, UyWjoI, GHNOq, zMlqQh, quWZhD, jzuL, CoK, tbwLdn, wfUXcX, oul, QPc, kgksuT, ddWm, ONGx, jRogwN, DkNZK, zAyFpu, HqeXH, lWTF, mnubk, LRIBhe, SqFv, dYXu, TAX, pNo,