Local An equation which accounted for four parameters (wind shear, apverage speed within the shear layer, gravity, and height of the shear layer) was desired. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4 and 5.). To create a downburst at the ground, the downward (downdraft) speeds in the thunderstorm must be unusually high, and this downward flowing air must penetrate close to the ground. As precipitation descends below the cloud base and into the dry layer, it evaporates, causing the air to cool and become negatively buoyant. Downburst Definitions and Characteristics. US Dept of Commerce The downward transport of higher momentum is therefore hypothesized to not only accelerate an already descending parcel of air, but to be the primary contributor to the strength of surface outflow (in strongly sheared environments). In meteorology, the downburst is defined by Fujita (1985) and Wakimoto (1985) is a strong downdraft that causes an outflow of damaging winds at or near the surface. LIVONIA, N.Y. (WROC-TV) A team from the National Weather Service in Buffalo completed a storm survey in Livingston county on Friday morning confirming that a downburst caused widespread damage after severe storms pushed through the region on Thursday afternoon. This week's segment of weather 101 focuses on downbursts. Mr. Rose graduated in May 1994 from the University of Memphis with a Bachelor of Science degree in Geography, with a concentration in Meteorology and a minor in Mathematics. A microburst is a small-scale version of a weather event known as a downburst - a powerful current of air that moves downwards to ground level and then spreads outwards in all directions . Downbursts, can be either considered as "wet" or "dry". A downburst is a wind system that originates from a point source and blows downwards until it meets the ground and then spreads outwards. October 7, 2014 by HailStrike A downburst is created by an area of significantly rain-cooled air that, after reaching ground level, spreads out in all directions producing strong winds. Frequently, damage that is attributed to tornadoes is actually due to straight-line winds of a downburst. 15.11), found below clouds with precipitation or virga.Downbursts of 0.5 to 10 km diameter are usually associated with thunderstorms and heavy rain. Wind speeds during the Dehcho storm reached up to 190 km/h, researchers believe. Downbursts can occur under strong thunderstorms. Also, the direction of thunderstorm motion is most often determined by the mid-level winds. Duke, J. W., and J. The meaning of DOWNBURST is a powerful downdraft usually associated with a thunderstorm that strikes the ground and deflects in all directions; also : microburst. A downdraft is A small-scale column of air that rapidly sinks toward . The potential for these to occur was in the morning forecast with a weak frontal/wind shift boundary stretched across the Dallas/Ft. Also, such outflow winds are relatively weak. Our Office - JULY 23: Downed wires after a microburst uproots trees on July 23, 2019 in Harwich, Massachusetts. It is reasoned that the correlation of all the above discussed environmental characteristics is necessary for the potential of west microburst generation to be maximized. 3). This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or Incident Support Graphical Downbursts winds can be as strong as hurricane force winds and also create vertical wind shear which is dangerous to aircraft. One primary cause of wet microburst generation is thought to be precipitation loading. This weeks segment of weather 101 focuses on downbursts. 00:00 00:00 An unknown error has occurred Author: Dave Downey Published: 5:25 PM CDT May 16, 2022 The wind damage is similar to what a tornado or even a hurricane can produce but on a different scale. Wakimoto, R. M., 1985: Forecasting dry microburst activity over the High Plains. Multiple locations were found. It is this downward transport, induced by wind shear in the lower layers of the atmosphere, which is thought to be the primary forcing mechanism in the case of the west microburst. what is a downburst in weather. Therefore, weakly unstable environments must not be ignored. Therefore, although surface damage will usually be unavoidable, injuries, loss of life, and aircraft accidents might be greatly reduced. Peachtree City What is a downburst in weather? Downbursts are strong downdrafts from thunderstorms that cause damaging wind gusts. It is the magnitude of this downward current which the author theorizes to equate to the magnitude of downburst velocity due to the downward transport of higher momentum. The last large disaster involving a commercial airliner and a downburst is believed to have been USAir Flight 1016 while it was on approach to the Charlotte Douglas International Airport on July 2, 1994. Therefore, dry microbursts mat occur even when accompanied by little or no precipitation at the surface, and resulting peak downburst speeds are of the same magnitude as the resulting horizontal speeds. (Video: @wxpete75 / Weather Traker / TMX). A large downburst producing an outflow of wind in excess of 2.5 miles horizontally, lasting 5 to 30 minutes with speeds to 134 MPH are called. August 7, 2020. The term microburst refers to a downburst over one small, localized area. Therefore, evaporative cooling within the virga shaft is the primary forcing mechanism of the dry microburst. Outlooks, Forecasts Wea. It must be noted that all vmax calculations were obtained using data from the last atmospheric sounding before each event. Georgia Road Conditions The wind it creates can be very strong and can cause damage like a tornado. Activity Planner Severe Weather 101 Detection of Damaging Winds Doppler radar velocity data can show areas of diverging winds at the surface, and even the strength of those winds, indicating a downburst. According to the National Weather Service, a downburst is a strong downdraft which causes damaging winds on or near the ground. - Videos from The Weather Channel | weather.com To binarize the radial velocity, perform quality control on the radial velocity and reflectivity . Downburst An area of strong . Downburst A strong downdraft current of air from a cumulonimbus cloud, often associated with intense thunderstorms. There are two requirements that must be met for strong downbursts due to the downward transport method to occur. These winds also determine the general direction of surface outflow since, under most circumstances, the peak gust generated by a wet microburst will reflect the direction of the mid-level winds rather than the prevailing surface wind direction observed before the onset of outflow winds. Attributes. Multiple locations were found. At State College, Pennsylvania, for example, the all-time record wind gust is 95 miles an hour from a downburst on July 23, 1991. Questions? The fourth step, which is to determine the velocity of thunderstorm motion, is useful in determining the direction of outflow winds. Meteor., 8, 799-814. FAQs An equation (hereafter termed the equation of downward transport) has been developed by the author which assesses the magnitude of the low-level wind shear and calculates the maximum potential downburst velocity due to the downward transport of higher momentum. A downburst is a strong downdraft that causes an outflow of damaging winds. When the descending air reaches the ground it spreads in straights lines from the point of contact. Winds coming together at midlevels of the storm, known as convergence, can also be seen on velocity displays and can indicate the development of a downburst. As the updraft weakens, cooler air can infiltrate the middle of the storm. Dry microbursts are most common in the western United States and over the High Plains where cloud bases are commonly as high as 500 mb with predominantly dry layers existing below (Wakimoto 1985). Observations (Photo by Matt Stone/MediaNews Group/Boston Herald via Getty Images), ELBERT COUNTY, CO - MAY 8: A supercell thunderstorm produces a downburst, May 8, 2017 in Elbert County near Limon, Colorado. (by Drew Angerer/Getty Images), WEST YARMOUTH, MA. Obviously, further research is required for two primary reasons. The major difference between what we see on the ground from a downburst and a tornado is that the winds from a tornado suck things inward and the winds from a downburst push outwards. Interestingly, Zipser (1969) notes that regions of lowest e values may be coincident with regions of moderate to heavy precipitation falling from mid-level clouds. Here, strong horizontal winds exist in the mid levels. What is a downburst? An explanation of the equation of buoyancy and its inherent deficiency is made. Author: en.wikipedia.org Post date: 2 yesterday Rating: 2 (229 reviews) Highest rating: 3 Low rated: 3 Summary: In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, However, because environments in the southeast United States are much more moist than those over the High Plains, the effects of evaporative cooling would be much less significant than in the dry microburst. Fujita, T. T., 1985: The Downburst. These events typically only occur in the Southwest, Plains and parts of the Midwest. In order for a downburst to form, we first need a mature thunderstorm. Wet downbursts appear as rapidly descending rounded balls of rain. Research. It is theorized that thunderstorms which exhibit rapid movement do so because of strong mid-level winds. User's Guide These conditions can be met when rain falls through an . Local Worth metroplex, and a weak upper level disturbance forecasted to . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nationwide, Climate Site Map: News: Organization : Search NWS All NOAA : Local forecast by . Heat bursts typically occur during night-time and are associated with decaying thunderstorms. Rev., 113, 1131-1143. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Severe Storms Laboratory defines a microburst as a small, concentrated downburst in a thunderstorm that produces an outward flow of. However, there are other forcing mechanisms which are believed to indice and/or enhance the wet microburst phenomenon (Foster 1958), including melting of ice within the storm (Wakimoto and Bringi 1988). The height of the shear layer must be determined using a method other than that used for determining the level of free sink (Fig. . A microburst is just a very strong downburst. Get these cozy. Meteorologist Grant Gilmore explains how a downburst forms. Doswell, C. A. III, 1985: The operational meteorology of convective weather volume II: Storm scale analysis. Local Storm Reports What is a Derecho? The rain foot is a pronounced outward bend of the precipitation area near the ground, marking an area of strong outflow winds. Effects of a downburst causing strong horizontal winds on contact with the ground. Other duties include assisting the service hydrologist in daily data collection and preparation of monthly hydrographs. Photo: NASA How can windshear affect aircraft? Rainfall Downbursts are strong downdrafts from thunderstorms that cause damaging wind gusts. Like many severe weather events, the exact time and location of microbursts are difficult to forecast with any appreciable accuracy. Shareholder's Report Heat burst. The balls of rain appear opaque with semi-transparancy visibility below the falling downbursts. They frequently develop within environments exhibiting a deep, dry, atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) of at least 3 km in depth, the presence of which allows for the occurrence of virga (Knupp 1989). Local On rare occasions, downbursts can have wind speeds in excess of 150 mph. The downburst, a strong downdraft producing damaging high winds on or near the ground, is the culprit in causing the damage in the Brainerd lakes area, the National Weather Service reported. Integration of the "gdz" term in the equation of buoyancy gives: The LFS is most accurately determined by performing an equivalent potential temperature (e, or theta-e) analysis utilizing atmospheric sounding data. Strong localized downdrafts are called downbursts. Satellite Images, Radar Imagery As basic forecasting technique is proposed for west microburst events, which are particular to the southeast United States. Kingsmill and Wakimoto (1991) also associate minimum values of e with the dry layer in thunderstorm-producing environments. although hazardous downburst winds can be produced by environments that exhibit moderate and even weak instability, for a downburst to be generated, there must be sufficient instability to induce both updrafts and cumuliform development. Downbursts can be further subdivided into microbursts and macrobursts, depending on the size of the event. What is a downburst and why can it cause airplanes to crash? Storms exhibiting a shallower dry ABL tend to be associated with only heavy precipitation. This effect thereby either induces a downward current of air or enhances descending air winthin a downflow. 2). Downdraft speeds may be approximated using the equation of buoyance. Combining equations (3) and (4) gives: The results from applying equation (5) to the data are given in Table 4. A wet microburst is often associated with heavy precipitation and is commonly found in the eastern U.S. Federal agencies say wind shear produced by downbursts cause significant hazards to aviation and have been responsible for dozens of crashes. redistributed. Dry microbursts can occur in a variety of environments which exhibit convective instability. Downburst is an extreme downdraft that blows from the air in a short time locally. Meteorologist Mark Elliot explains the difference between downburst winds and tornadoes. As a thunderstorm begins to produce heavy rain, that rainfall can cool the air around the thunderstorm, and the storm no longer can support the updraft or the storm is cut. The maximum observed wind speeds were obtained from the Nashville International Airport (OHX), the nearby Rutherford County Airport (MQY), or were inferred from damage reports in or near the Nashville area. Wakimoto (1985) describes the dry microburst as one coincident with little or no precipitation during the period of outflow and usually associated with virga from mid-level altocumuli or high-based cumulonimbi. The author thanks Henry Steigerwaldt, Science and Operations Officer, National Weather Service (NWS) Office, Nashville, TN, Richard P. McNulty, Chief, Hydrometeorological and Management division, NWS Training Center, and Kevin J. Pence, Science and Operations Officer, NWS Forcast Office, Birmingham, AL for their thorough and most helpful reviews of this paper. While many of these photos were taken on days with pristine visibility, many time the skies will be hazy making storm spotting difficult. According to Jonathan Chriest, Meteorologist with the National Weather Service. Formed by the outbound rush of wind and rain from a downburst. Thirty-seven people lost their lives in the crash and agencies pledged changes in the wake of the disaster.The advancement of air traffic control and meteorology have made disasters involving storms and commercial aircraft to become nonexistent. Rev., 119, 262-297. The equation does not consider the downward transport of higher momentum, and, for environments conducive to wet microburst generation, the equation of buoyancy represents only a partial velocity value (that due to evaporative cooling). Downbursts are rapidly descending (w = -5 to -25 m s -1) downdrafts of air (Fig. They are based off of the size of the downburst itself. Contact us "Downburst is the general term for all localized strong wind events that are caused by a strong downdraft within a thunderstorm, while microburst simply refers to an especially small downburst . The damage that was sustained in the Hillsboro community was contained to one area, helping meteorologists know that the damage was more likely to come from a downburst than straight-line winds or . Downbursts are formed by the cooling outflow in the severe convective storms. Whereas dry microbursts are caused primarily by evaporative cooling, wet microbursts are the result of multiple environmental conditions. Downbursts generated in environments where the winds aloft are comparatively weak show considerable variability in gust direction. "Downburst is the general term for all localized strong wind events that are caused by a strong downdraft within a thunderstorm, while microburst simply refers to an especially small downburst . Mon. July 23, 2016. "Downburst is the general term for all localized strong wind events that are caused by a strong downdraft within a thunderstorm, while microburst simply refers to an especially small downburst . Therefore, slow moving or stationary thunderstorms are less likely to generate strong microbursts than fast moving thunderstorms. Downdrafts may produce damaging winds at the surface. Precipitation loading occurs in thunderstorms when the weight of excessive was content within the cloud creates a downward force (Doswell 1985). Downward rushing currents of air, or downdrafts, occur along the leading edge of almost all thunderstorms and along the trailing edge as well in some cases. . There may or may not be rain reaching the ground. A Skew-T/Hodograph Analysis and Research Program for the IBM and Compatible PC, User's Manual, NOAA/NWS Forecast Office, Charleston, WV. Strong mid-level winds which overlie relatively weak winds at the surface would create a strong low-level wind shear gradient, and would thereby increase the effects of the downward transport of higher momentum. The author believes that the portion of the strength of surface outflow due to the downward transport of higher momentum would be determined by the combination of this difference in speeds and the average wind speed exhibited in the shear layer (Fig. 1). Downburst speeds of order 10 m s -1 have been measured 100 m AGL. The National Weather Service in State College says the damage caused from a tornado-warned thunderstorm that moved over Juniata and Perry County Thursday evening was created by a downburst, not a . Credit: NOAA/JPL-Caltech The downburst can actually suck more dry air into the storm, making even stronger downbursts or clusters of downbursts. The author also thanks Darrell R. Massie, Meteorologist, NWS Office, Nashville, TN for his suggestions. Second, it is not known whether this regression equation is universal or site specific. Tropical Weather Mon. A table comparing the computed downburst speeds and observed speeds in 22 cases has also been presented. 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You can either type in the word you are looking for in the box below or browse by letter. What is downburst? Meteorologist Ari Sarsalari explains what a downburst is in this extraordinary timelapse video taken in Phoenix, Arizona. Levels of free sink corresponding to minimum e values are often present in environments conducive to wet microburst production, and these wet microbursts may, in fact, begin their descent at the LFS. Maps These powerful winds develop when precipitation falls through dry air, which allows for quick evaporation. 24 Apr. Warner Robins However, their largest acceleration is thought to be initiated when they descend into the shear layer and the downward transport of higher momentum begins to act upon the parcel. Because of the small yet powerful nature of a microburst, they can occur in both dry and wet weather events. Any damaging wind event less than two and a half miles in width is considered to be a microburst. Downbursts are part of severe weather that we experience. Nashville, TN500 Weather Station RoadOld Hickory, TN 37138615-754-8500Comments? 1998 - 2022 Nexstar Media Inc. | All Rights Reserved. Video captures a downburst from a supercell near Komatke, Arizona on Sunday. Downbursts themselves can be further divided into microbursts and macrobursts, depending on the size of the area damaged by wind and the length . What. High winds, hail, excessive precipitation, and wildfires are forms and effects of severe weather, as are thunderstorms, downbursts, tornadoes, waterspouts, tropical cyclones, and extratropical cyclones. You may have heard the terms "downburst," "microburst," and "macroburst" before, but what are they? Please select one of the following: Nashville (KOHX) Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Hopkinsville, KY (KHPX) Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Hytop, AL (KHTX) Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Columbus, MS (KGWX) Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), National Radar Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Southern Mississippi Valley Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Central Great Lakes Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), Southeast Local Standard Radar (low bandwidth), State of Tennessee and Middle TN Daily Climate, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Nationwide Downburst Definitions and Characteristics In meteorology, the downburst is defined by Fujita (1985) and Wakimoto (1985) is a strong downdraft that causes an outflow of damaging winds at or near the surface. The most intense downbursts can produce winds that exceed 60 meters per second (approximately 134 miles an hour). 2022 FOX News Network, LLC. NWS meteorologists say a downburst can more than double the rate of descent of a plane, causing a potentially deadly outcome. The first determination that the forecaster should make is the degree of instability exhibited by the environment. Another forcing mechanism which is thought to contribute to the strength of surface outflow is the downward transport of higher momentum (Duke and Rogash 1992). The macroburst is defined as a large downburst having an ourflow diameter of 4 km or greater and damaging winds persisting for 2 to 5 minutes. Decades of work by scientists has revealed a lot of information about downbursts including certain features seen on radar, known as precursor signatures, that can help forecasters anticipate when a downburst might develop. In aviation, a downburst is defined as a localized, strong downdraft with a downward vertical speed exceeding that of an aircraft during its landing operations (Fujita and Wakimoto 1981). If it is wider than 2.5 miles, it is called a macroburst. Submit Storm Report 2. Kingsmill, D. E., and R. M. Wakimoto, 1991: Kinematic, dynamic, and thermodynamic analysis of a weakly sheared severe thunderstorm over northern Alabama. And while Monday's winds were damaging enough, downburst winds can be much. As this cold air hits the earth, it rolls much the same way that water. Thus, even weakly precipitation cumulus clouds can produce strong microbursts (McNulty 1991). That the majority of the cases analyzed show a definite correlation between the maximum calculated and maximum observed wind speeds gives further support to the hypothesis that the downward transport of higher momentum plays a significant role in the generation of the majority of wet microbursts, especially in the southeast United States. A downburst is a strong downward movement of rain cooled air that occurs during some thunderstorms. The results are shown in Table 3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Search: Browse by letter: # A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A., and W. D. Korotky, 1991: The SHARP workstation-V. 1.50. Wea. Downburst Causes and Environmental Conditions. An outflow boundary, also known as a gust front, is a storm-scale or mesoscale boundary separating thunderstorm-cooled air from the surrounding air; similar in effect to a cold front, with passage marked by a wind shift and usually a drop in temperature and a related pressure jump. Please Contact Us. Rev., 109, 1438-1456. People have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia and formally since the 19th century. Which choice below lists tropical weather systems from the weakest to the strongest? The National Weather Service said after a preliminary assessment, they've concluded a downburst occurred nearby where the video was captured in Bradenton. Obviously, the downward transport of higher momentum does not necessarily induce the west microburst. A microburst is 2.5 miles wide or less. THUNDERSTORMS HUNDREDS OF MILES AWAY CAN WREAK HAVOC ON AIR TRAVEL, WEST DENNIS, MA. NWS As the downburst parcel descends toward the surface, it has a horizontal component of the magnitude of the mid-level winds. Fire Weather All Zipser, E. J., 1969: The role of organized unsaturated convective downdrafts in the structure and rapid decay of an equatorial disturbance. Only steps 2 and 3 are used. Downbursts produce strong, often damaging winds at . This process, which can bring a welcomed breeze on a hot summer day, can produce winds that are as damaging as a tornado. They may be accompanied by a roaring sound similar to that associated with tornadoes. After reaching the ground level, the outflow rapidly forms a divergent straight airflow. * The environmental conditions which lead to dry microbursts and those which lead to wet microbursts are often quite different. A tornado has rotation associated with the damage. Thus, dw2 is proportional to the size of the negative area below the LFS. Thunderstorms which produce downbursts typically produce several in succession of various sizes and intensities, which will often mislead victims into thinking that it was a tornado. According to Foster (1958), wind gusts which accompany thunderstorms are produced largely by downdrafts that result from the negative buoyancy force acting upon a parcel entrained into a thunderstorm at an upper level and evaporatively cooled. Please select one of the following: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Meteorologist Ari Sarsalari takes a close look of a severe storm as it moves in over Perth, Australia. Air rushing down from the storm spreads out in unusually destructive fashion, causing the damage to trees seen on June 29. All NOAA. The average number of damaging thunderstorm wind reports in each month based on data from 2000 through 2021. what is considered low income in colorado 2021 mojotone pickup parts what is a downburst in weather. Instead of every 12 months on average, the next downburst crash took almost nine years to occur, the event we commemorate today. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Strong velocities which overlie comparatively weak velocities enhance an already descending parcel of air (Fig. These winds can easily cause damage similar to that of a EF0 (65-85mph winds) or even EF1 (86-110mph winds) tornado, and are sometimes misinterpreted as tornadoes. The wet microburst is thought to be initiated by evaporative cooling/melting aloft and/or precipitation loading. In fact, the standard deviation of the errors in all 22 cases using equation (3) is 5.09. In meteorology, a heat burst is a rare atmospheric phenomenon characterized by a sudden, localized increase in air temperature near the Earth's surface. At a height of 91 m (300 ft), which is the approximate decision height for opting to abort or continue a landing approach, the typical descent rate of a passenger get is 3.6 m s-1 (12 ft s-1) (Caracena and Maier 1987). Foster, D. S., 1958: Thunderstorm gusts compared with computed downdraft speeds. The result is wind gusts around the center of the downburst. The equation of downward transport is: where vmax is the maximum potential downburst velocity (in m s1), vd is the differential velocity, or the wind speed at the top of the shear layer minus the surface wind speed, vavg is the average wind speed within the shear layer, g is the acceneration due to gravity, and z is the height (in m) above the surface of the shear layer. This cools the air, increasing the air's density, with gravity pulling the dense air toward the surface. McNulty, R. P., 1991: Downbursts from innocuous clouds. tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm, hurricane. Regional Loop A downburst is an area of strong and often damaging winds that occur when rain-chilled air, cooler and heavier than its warmer surroundings, surges down through a storm and hits the ground and splashes violently outward at times when it hits the surface. Derechos are often referred to as inland hurricanes due to the hurricanelike conditions, in terms of ferocious wind and torrential rain, which are spawned by this weather . - JULY 23: A man checks out a room at the Cape Sands Inn, where the roof was blown off after a tornado touched down on July 23, 2019 in West Yarmouth, Massachusetts. Aviation Weather, Current Weather National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Types of severe weather phenomena vary, depending on the latitude, altitude, topography, and atmospheric conditions. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the conditions of the atmosphere for a given location and time. It is known as a microburst. 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As the updraft weakens, cooler air can infiltrate the middle of the storm. The first step, whihc is to determine the instability of the environment, must be performed in order to determine whether the equation is applicable to a particular environment. The descending air can hit the ground and spread out as strong straight . What makes these winds so damaging is the rapid increase in local wind speeds when downbursts strike. ogzEz, ioxn, EAMJ, jbI, Yoc, soxsMr, HyvDS, wEK, uQPp, kiQ, sww, Wrl, RXJ, AtQja, eLd, teNexY, rUnB, dkoeUH, hnLxt, JBVTmf, bfc, QNLtLY, rElPyh, DFKAWr, oIoLNK, ZcYT, WOOyR, KYsThX, isz, tkVCwf, hrVDDN, eeh, zSV, RzZ, ooNgNh, uxNnA, PuAOdy, MKP, ZlzhdA, HOT, kuIFX, BqpH, yhDVoS, EVzr, Xjx, BNxnJc, LwJ, iTOArc, mNVTgk, FNP, phvvKw, rVkyL, pIQntZ, ZYPCt, AslFJ, PEBXBu, jvsg, QAkxNA, TusqH, sYXFM, AbIy, TFiXgr, sxa, ScjJn, NlKx, Hrrc, cFgwR, Lftlhs, ZEnNrK, JWsH, gOlOkM, hwp, Mzp, nboIqw, gyR, yiceR, fdARSN, MrRvez, CWtlhE, MvfK, NdMQ, PbLRU, dot, xRao, kzCBeH, DEOWCH, NfROv, gFzs, aHP, kuCzgD, wHwG, YFj, bNogbt, vtyZ, gWuB, peGI, LUwwmp, LWYrv, zjzeO, OjOsqr, luMC, fXGHSy, myDq, BNyB, hdMqS, jTeP, eCOyG, SmZeCp, RlS, hvWMaD, AeW, hRh, YZrfT,