[24] The following year, Ludwig Blattner began work that eventually produced the Blattnerphone,[25] which used steel tape instead of wire. * Postage and handling fees will be assessed and charged as a separate transaction. [26], In 1911, General Electric absorbed the National Electric Lamp Association (NELA) into its lighting business. These inventions, which include the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and early versions of the electric light bulb, have WebEdison screw (ES) is a standard lightbulb socket for electric light bulbs. Copyright for recordings has existed since 1972, while copyright for musical composition, or songs, has existed since 1831. According to inventor William Kennedy Dickson, the first experiments directed at moving pictures by Thomas Edison and his researchers took place around 1887 and involved "microscopic pin-point photographs, placed on a cylindrical shell". This Auction is a Collection of a Lifetime!!! Since entering the renewable energy industry in 2002, GE has invested more than $850million in renewable energy commercialization. GE heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947 and 1977. June 20, 2012 () A customer wants his childhood rocking horse restored. As technologies that increase the amount of data that can be stored on a single medium, such as Super Audio CD, DVD-A, Blu-ray Disc, and HD DVD became available, longer programs of higher quality fit onto a single disc. GE is still a major client to Genpact today, for services in customer service, finance, information technology, and analytics. So why shouldn't regulators break up Big Tech? Each of the 30 films received world premiere screenings at a major international film festival, including the Sundance Film Festival and the Tribeca Film Festival. [21], Media related to Pinhole cameras at Wikimedia Commons, An example of a 20-minute exposure taken with a pinhole camera, A photograph taken with a pinhole camera using an exposure time of 2s, Film and integral photography experiments, Characteristics of pinhole camera photography, Calculating the f-number and required exposure, Petzval, Joseph Maximilian (1857), Bericht ber dioptrische Untersuchungen. WebThe history of sound recording - which has progressed in waves, driven by the invention and commercial introduction of new technologies can be roughly divided into four main periods: . By the late 1890s, Edison phonographs began to flood the market. Shipping for Firearms, Coins, and Jewelry are handled internally at Auction Solutions, Inc. Digital audio techniques and mass storage have reduced recording costs such that high-quality recordings can be produced in small studios.[33]. GE then owned 80% of NBCUniversal and Vivendi owned 20%. In no event shall Auction Solutions, Inc. be held responsible for having made or implied any warranty of merchantability, or fitness of an item for a particular purpose. [84], In April 2013, GE acquired oilfield pump maker Lufkin Industries for $2.98billion. [43], In 2002, GE acquired the wind power assets of Enron during its bankruptcy proceedings. [243], GE was the primary focus of a 1991 short subject Academy Award-winning documentary, Deadly Deception: General Electric, Nuclear Weapons, and Our Environment,[244] that juxtaposed GE's "We Bring Good Things To Life" commercials with the true stories of workers and neighbors whose lives have been affected by the company's activities involving nuclear weapons. The ease and accuracy of tape editing, as compared to the cumbersome disc-to-disc editing procedures previously in some limited use, together with tape's consistently high audio quality finally convinced radio networks to routinely prerecord their entertainment programming, most of which had formerly been broadcast live. The microphones used were like those in contemporary telephones. [230] In 2009, GE's renewable energy initiatives, which include solar power, wind power and GE Jenbacher gas engines using renewable and non-renewable methane-based gases,[231] employ more than 4,900 people globally and have created more than 10,000 supporting jobs.[232]. [44][45][59], In 2004, GE bought 80% of Vivendi Universal Entertainment, the parent of Universal Pictures from Vivendi. Marsh's microphone technique was idiosyncratic and his work had little if any impact on the systems being developed by others. The first electrical recording issued to the public, with little fanfare, was of November 11, 1920, funeral service for The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey, London. 1934 Talking Books for the blind. In its simplest form, the photographic pinhole camera can consist of a light-tight box with a pinhole in one end, and a piece of film or photographic paper wedged or taped into the other end. This generated new types of portable digital audio players. Others quickly followed, under the His Master's Voice (HMV) and Columbia labels. [41] The Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 defines a sound recording as (a) a recording of sounds, from which the sounds may be reproduced, or (b) a recording of the whole or any part of a literary, dramatic or musical work, from which sounds reproducing the work or part may be produced, regardless of the medium on which the recording is made or the method by which the sounds are reproduced or produced. Vivendi bought 20% of NBC forming the company NBCUniversal. Federal copyright law preempts most state copyright laws but allows state copyright in sound recordings to continue for one full copyright term after the SRA's effective date,[40] which means 2067. He held over 1,000 patents for his inventions. Meanwhile, another customer wants an Edison phonograph restored. [135], General Electric was a longtime "dividend aristocrat" (a company with a long history of maintaining dividend payments to shareholders). The second contact is used for the lower-wattage filament of the two inside the lamp. The employees will be moved to a defined-contribution retirement plan in 2021. All property is sold "AS IS", WHERE IS and ALL SALES ARE FINAL. To avoid making their existing catalogs instantly obsolete, the two long-time archrivals agreed privately not to publicize the new process until November 1925, by which time enough electrically recorded repertory would be available to meet the anticipated demand. In early 1878, word of the phonograph circulated in newspaper reports, as well as in journals such as Scientific American. Throughout the medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, and through much of the Romantic music era, the main way that songs and instrumental pieces were recorded was through music notation. In areas following the U.S. National Electrical Code, general-use lamps over 300W cannot use an E26 base and must instead use the E39 base. The small Edison screw has nine threads per inch, or a pitch of .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}19in or 2.8222mm per thread. As a result, each performance of a song or piece would be slightly different. WebThis includes the film industry of Hollywood who used piracy in order to escape the controls of Thomas Edison's patents. Related cameras, image forming devices, or developments from it include Franke's widefield pinhole camera, the pinspeck camera, and the pinhead mirror. [1][2], Carvings in the Rosslyn Chapel from the 1560s may represent an early attempt to record the Chladni patterns produced by sound in stone representations, although this theory has not been conclusively proved.[3][4]. Vinyl records were, over-optimistically, advertised as "unbreakable". [122][123] Mr. Markopolos estimated there will be a $US 10.5billion charge when the new accounting standard is adopted in the first quarter of 2021. Their compact audio cassette was the first to combine to convenience of a tape recording format that did not require manual threading. In the early days of electrification, Edison screws were the only standard connector, and appliances other than light bulbs were connected to AC power via lamp sockets. In the spring of 1878, Edison dazzled crowds by appearing in public with his phonograph, which would be used to record people talking, singing, and even playing musical instruments. [20] Vinyl was much more expensive than shellac, one of the several factors that made its use for 78 rpm records very unusual, but with a long-playing disc the added cost was acceptable. [150], As a publicly-traded company on the New York Stock Exchange, GE stock was one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1907 to 2018, the longest continuous presence of any company on the index, and during this time the only company which was part of the original Dow Jones Industrial Index created in 1896. "[226], GE has said that it will invest $1.4billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. [85], In April 2014, it was announced that GE was in talks to acquire the global power division of French engineering group Alstom for a figure of around $13 billion. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Briefly based on cylinders, Berliner changed his methodology in 1888 to use discs with imprinted grooves on the flat side of a disc rather than the outside of a cylinder. GE has also designed social programs, supported civil rights organizations, and funds minority education programs.[240]. Piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. Sound recordings enabled Western music lovers to hear actual recordings of Asian, Middle Eastern and African groups and performers, increasing awareness of non-Western musical styles. Concerns over the design and safety of these reactors were raised as early as 1972, but tsunami danger was not discussed at that time. But finally, in 1929, sensingcompetition from a newer invention, the radio, Edison shut down his recording company. [225] The announcement prompted an op-ed piece in The New York Times to observe that, "while General Electric's increased emphasis on clean technology will probably result in improved products and benefit its bottom line, Mr. Immelt's credibility as a spokesman on national environmental policy is fatally flawed because of his company's intransigence in cleaning up its own toxic legacy. [5] However, at about the same time, the use of a lens instead of a pinhole was introduced. GE is one of the biggest players in the wind power industry and is developing environment-friendly products such as hybrid locomotives, desalination and water reuse solutions, and photovoltaic cells. [30][31] On January 13, 1928, he made what was said to be the first broadcast to the public in the United States[30] on GE's W2XAD: the pictures were picked up on 1.5 square inch (9.7 square centimeter) screens in the homes of four GE executives. Discs had a distinctly limited playing life that varied depending on how they were manufactured. Off-site bidders understand and acknowledge they are not able to inspect items as well as if they were to examine them in person. [92] In August 2015, GE Capital agreed to sell its Healthcare Financial Services business to Capital One for US$9billion. Numismatic buyers with purchases of $750.00 or more are asked to contact our office for payment options. He received a patent in 1928 for magnetic tape recording and on 1 December 1932 Pfleumer granted AEG the right to use his invention when building the worlds first practical tape recorder. A revival in popularity has become evident in recent years with the success of Kickstarter crowdfunding campaigns offering a range of pinhole photography products. [233] GE has donated over one million dollars of Logiq E Ultrasound equipment to these two institutions. book. Besides being used to dictate letters, Edison also envisioned recordings that could be sent through the mail. Acoustical recording methods of the time could not reproduce the sounds accurately. In 2000, when United Technologies Corp. planned to buy Honeywell, GE made a counter-offer that was approved by Honeywell. [2], Ibn al-Haytham (9651039), an Arab physicist also known as Alhazen, described the camera obscura effect. However it's possible (but not useful) to screw a DII fuse holder without a fuse in an E27 lamp holder. It was a $150 option for 1956 Chrysler and Imperial cars and hit the showroom floor on October 21, 1955. [220][221][222], On June 6, 2011, GE announced that it has licensed solar thermal technology from California-based eSolar for use in power plants that use both solar and natural gas. The microscopic pin-point photographs were soon abandoned. [10][11] The new companies will be focused on aerospace, healthcare, and energy (renewable energy, power, and digital). The complex plot structure, lack of true character development, and sub-standard special effects left audiences and critics unimpressed . In April 1877 he wrote a paper describing his thesis and submitted it in a sealed envelope to the Academy of Science in Paris. [3]:fig.7 Most smaller competitors had to produce lamps for all three types,[2] and some used their own designs as well. This work led the U.S. Army Air Corps to select GE to develop the nation's first jet engine during the war. He had a good reason to get distracted, as he directed most of his attention in late 1878 to working on another remarkable invention, the incandescent lightbulb. Edison's recording of telegraph transmissions did not involve recording the sounds of the dots and dashes, but rather notations of them which were embossed onto paper. The tapes become widely used over the next decade with almost all studios adopting the new technology by 1935. Edison's company continued to be profitable well into the 1920s. [13] Following these transactions, GE will be an aviation-focused company, renaming itself as GE Aerospace, and will be the legal successor of the original GE. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. [90], In April 2015, GE announced its intention to sell off its property portfolio, worth $26.5billion, to Wells Fargo and The Blackstone Group. In the US and most developed countries, the two new vinyl formats completely replaced 78 rpm shellac discs by the end of the 1950s, but in some corners of the world, the 78 lingered on far into the 1960s. [223], On May 26, 2011, GE unveiled its EV Solar Carport, a carport that incorporates solar panels on its roof, with electric vehicle charging stations under its cover. The sound film had four double-width optical soundtracks, three for left, center, and right audioand a fourth as a "control" track with three recorded tones that controlled the playback volume of the three audio channels. Thomas Edison is credited with inventions such as the first practical incandescent light bulb and the phonograph. The machine was greatly improved, and used recordings engraved onto wax cylinders. The early Edison cylinders could only hold about two minutes of music. [165] As of 2011, the company spent more on U.S. lobbying than any other company. The advent of digital sound recording and later the compact disc (CD) in 1982 brought significant improvements in the quality and durability of recordings. GE was a major provider of computer time-sharing services, through General Electric Information Services (GEIS, now GXS), offering online computing services that included GEnie. 1800). He traveled to Washington, D.C. in April to demonstrate the device at a meeting of the National Academy of Sciences held at the Smithsonian Institutionon April 18, 1878. [56] The remainder was sold to various companies, including Bertelsmann (Bertelsmann acquired RCA Records) and Thomson SA, which traces its roots to Thomson-Houston, one of the original components of GE. A Datanet 500 computer was designed, but never sold.[51]. The difference in speeds was due to the difference in the cycle frequencies of the AC electricity that powered the stroboscopes used to calibrate recording lathes and turntables. Acetate has fairly low tensile strength and if very thin it will snap easily, so it was in turn eventually superseded by polyester. Specifications for all lamp mount types are defined in the following American National Standards Institute (ANSI)[12] and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publications: Generally, the two standards are harmonized, although several types of screw mount are still defined in only one standard. Until the invention of the phonograph, Edison had been a businesslike inventor, producing improvements on the telegraph designed for the business market. 6275, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and. Boston, MA. The news that he could record sound changed that. New York NY. On February 23rd 1889 William Barry Owen and Trevor Lloyd Williams registered the small, private Gramophone Company. Until 2017, the company had never cut dividends for 119 years before a 50% dividend reduction from 24 cents per share to 12 cents per share. The relation f = s2/ yields an optimum pinhole diameter d = 2f, so the experimental value differs slightly from the estimate of Petzval, above. The replacement of the relatively fragile vacuum tube by the smaller, rugged and efficient transistor also accelerated the sale of consumer high-fidelity sound systems from the 1960s onward. Disputes over sampling and beats[clarification needed] are ongoing.[33]. Medium Edison screw (MES) bulbs for 12V are also produced for recreational vehicles. [214][215], From c.1932 until 1977, GE polluted the Housatonic River with PCB discharges from its plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds (5,000kg) of PCBs. In 1900 at the World Fair in Paris, Poulsen had the chance to record the voice of Emperor Franz Josef of Austria which is widely believed to be the oldest surviving magnetic audio recording. The medium Edison screw has seven threads per inch, or a pitch of 17in or 3.6286mm per thread. Optimally, the size of the aperture should be 1/100 or less of the distance between it and the projected image. Modern manufacturing has enabled the production of high quality pinhole lenses[11] that can be applied to digital cameras; allowing photographers and videographers to achieve the camera obscura effect. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. [191], The former GE Appliances and Lighting segment was dissolved in 2014 when GE's appliance division was attempted to be sold to Electrolux for $5.4billion, but eventually sold it to Haier in June 2016 due to antitrust filing against Electrolux. These were later adopted by all the major studios in the 60s with many of the Beatles and Rolling Stones Albums being the first to have 4 track records. If the title is held by a bank, it may take up to 30 days to procure a clear title. The band was made up of five musicians who had previously played in the Papa Jack Laine bands, a diverse and racially integrated group of musicians who played for parades, dances, and advertising in New Orleans. In the 1930s, experiments with magnetic tape enabled the development of the first practical commercial sound systems that could record and reproduce high-fidelity stereophonic sound. Contact our office if you have questions at 402-571-0393. GE maintains a minority stake in GXS. Chermayeff & Geismar, along with colleagues Bill Brown and Ivan Chermaev, created the modern 1980 logo. Thomas Edison with a phonograph in the 1890s. When your items are available to be shipped you will be contacted for Shipping and Handling payments. Through GE Commercial Finance, GE Consumer Finance, GE Equipment Services, and GE Insurance it offers a range of financial services. It also features a pianola which plays music every Sunday at 10:30a.m., 1:30p.m. and 3:30p.m. which was built in Boston, United States in 1927. Writing 140 years ago, Edison seemed to foresee today's audiobook business: Edison also envisioned the phonograph transforming the tradition of listening to orations on national holidays: And, of course, Edison saw the phonograph as a useful tool for recording music. [237], In January 2017, GE signed an estimated $7million deal with the Boston Celtics to have its corporate logo put on the NBA team's jersey. Active development of Multics continued until 1985. GE is planning to divest its remaining interest and has warned that the divestment will result in an additional loss of $8.4billion (assuming a BHGE share price of $23.57 per share). Sales of the gramophone record overtook the cylinder ca. [111][112], On October 6, 2020, General Electric reported it received a Wells notice from the Securities and Exchange Commission stating the SEC may take civil action for possible violations of securities laws. 1902 Successful moulding processes for cylinder recordings are developed and mass production begins. [3]:fig.8 The Sawyer-Man or Westinghouse base used a spring clip acting on grooves in the bulb base and a contact stud at the bottom of the lamp. Auction Company may rescind the sale of any item(s) within 30 days if it is determined the lot was sold in error, or that removal would be impossible, impractical, or disruptive to the rights of the seller, or other third party. Edison screw (ES) is a standard lightbulb socket for electric light bulbs. Declined Cards are subject to a $35.00 transaction fee, and the potential inability to bid on future auctions. The Kanazawa Phonograph Museum (Japanese: ) is a museum about phonograph located in Kanazawa, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. Screw shells produced as early as 1888 had a lighter taper[5] than the modern ones. Shayne Fili Professional Auctioneer Office Phone: 402-571-0393. While approaches and opinions vary, some emphasize sound as paramount, others focus on technology preferences as the deciding factor. The company spent $5billion on R&D in the last year. Vinyl offered improved performance, both in stamping and in playback. This is a 1905 Edison Home Phonograph (model B) playing an Edison Blue Amberol cylinder (#1514) entitled The Mocking Bird - Fantasia. Quadraphonic sound was not a commercial success, partly because of competing and somewhat incompatible four-channel sound systems (e.g., CBS, JVC, Dynaco and others all had systems) and generally poor quality, even when played as intended on the correct equipment, of the released music. The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. Prior to the development of sound recording, there were mechanical systems, such as wind-up music boxes and, later, player pianos, for encoding and reproducing instrumental music. [34], The company also owned television stations such as KOA-TV (now KCNC-TV) in Denver[35] and WSIX-TV (later WNGE-TV, now WKRN) in Nashville,[36] but like WRGB, General Electric sold off most of its broadcasting holdings, but held on to the Denver television station[37] until in 1986, when General Electric bought out RCA and made it into an owned-and-operated station by NBC. d Gas turbines represent a significant portion of GE Power's revenue, and also represent a significant portion of the power generation fleet of several utility companies in the United States. Auction Solutions, Inc. shall attempt to describe merchandise in advertising and on the internet, but makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied. McNamara, Robert. Incandescent Exemptions: Where You Can Still Use Existing Bulbs", Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edison_screw&oldid=1118028064, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Winning bidders will receive an email from Auction Solutions, Inc. with pick up instructions along with their paid receipt. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/invention-of-the-phonograph-4156528. [16]The development of mass-production techniques enabled cylinder recordings to become a major new consumer item in industrial countries and the cylinder was the main consumer format from the late 1880s until around 1910. In June 2014 a formal offer from GE worth $17billion was agreed by the Alstom board. Eugne Estanave experimented with integral photography, exhibiting a result in 1925 and publishing his findings in La Nature. [160] In 2016, GE announced a move to the South Boston Waterfront neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, partly as a result of an incentive package provide by state and city governments. [3], The museum features 240 phonographs and 20,000 SP records from 19th to 20th century which mostly are still usable and demonstrations are being played three times a day at 11:00a.m., 2:00p.m. and 4:00p.m., each at a duration of 30 minutes. In order to be considered tax exempt, Auction Solutions, Inc. must have a SIGNED Nebraska form 13 on file. For example, a camera with a 0.5mm diameter pinhole, and a 50mm focal length would have an f-number of 50/0.5, or 100 (f/100 in conventional notation). (2020, August 27). [49], GE was one of the eight major computer companies of the 1960s along with IBM, Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, Honeywell, RCA, and UNIVAC. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. RCA imported these tapes into the USA. The horn was no longer needed once electrical recording was developed. In 1881, it was noted during experiments in transmitting sound from the Paris Opera that it was possible to follow the movement of singers on the stage if earpieces connected to different microphones were held to the two ears. American born Owen was in London with the aim of securing large amounts in funding and investment to set up The Gramophone Company in the UK, however Owen didnt have much luck with his high profile visitors and English businessmen so in a final attempt he leant a gramophone to his lawyer Trevor Lloyd Williams. [116], In 2018, a lawsuit (the Bezio case) was filed in New York state court on behalf of participants in GE's 401(k) plan and shareowners alleging violations of Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933 based on alleged misstatements and omissions related to insurance reserves and performance of GE's business segments. Decca Records in England came out with FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording) in the 1940s, which became internationally accepted as a worldwide standard for higher quality recording on vinyl records. Before he got a chance to build a prototype, a hard working inventor by the name of Thomas Edison living thousands of miles away in the USA beat him to it. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the Musique Concrte school and avant-garde composers like Karlheinz Stockhausen, which in turn led to the innovative pop music recordings of artists such as The Beatles and The Beach Boys. [13][14] The invention soon spread across the globe and over the next two decades the commercial recording, distribution, and sale of sound recordings became a growing new international industry, with the most popular titles selling millions of units by the early 1900s. [29], In 1927, Ernst Alexanderson of GE made the first demonstration of television broadcast reception at his General Electric Realty Plot home at 1132 Adams Rd, Schenectady, New York. [45] It acquired ScanWind in 2009. This Superfund site is considered to be one of the largest in the nation. For f= 50 mm the optimal diameter is 0.259 mm. Small "pinholes" formed by the gaps between overlapping tree leaves will create replica images of the sun on flat surfaces. In 1981, GE won a Clio award for its :30 Soft White Light Bulbs commercial, We Bring Good Things to Life. The acquisition was expected to be completed in 2015. One of the employees was Charles Proteus Steinmetz. [23], In 1893, General Electric bought the business of Rudolf Eickemeyer in Yonkers, New York, along with all of its patents and designs. 1963 Phillips develops the cassette tape. The recording of music became extremely popular. [177] They, in turn, argued that even now the old logos look out of date, earlier they were good. A flap of cardboard with a tape hinge can be used as a shutter. [8] Other rankings for 20112012 include the following:[175], In 2012, GE's brand was valued at $28.8billion. Barlow, Sanna Morrison. The photographic camera, as developed early in the 19th century, was basically an adaptation of the box-type camera obscura with a lens. [citation needed] Previously, emergency exit signs also tended to use the intermediate base,[citation needed] but U.S. and Canadian rules now require long-life and energy-efficient LED lamps, which can be purchased inside a conventional Edison base bulb as a retrofit. [18] Partly to enable a variety of diameters and focal lengths, he defined two normalized variables: resolution limit divided by the pinhole radius, and focal length divided by the quantity s2/, where s is the radius of the pinhole and is the wavelength of the light, typically about 550nm. Edison, who was the main producer of cylinders, created the Edison Disc Record in an attempt to regain his market. The experiments with stereo during the 1930s and 1940s were hampered by problems with synchronization. 2 bids. [81], In June 2012, CEO and President of GE Jeff Immelt said that the company would invest 3 billion to accelerate its businesses in Karnataka. [209] As of 2014[update], the same model nuclear power reactors designed by GE are operating in the US;[210] however, as of May 31, 2019, the controversial Pilgrim Nuclear Generating Station, in Plymouth, Massachusetts, has been shut down and is in the process of decommission. This extra contact is a ring located around the main contact. [55], In December 1985, GE reacquired RCA, primarily for the NBC television network (also parent of Telemundo Communications Group) for $6.28billion; this merger surpassed the Capital Cities/ABC merger that happened earlier that year as the largest non-oil merger in world business history. The interior of an effective pinhole camera is black to avoid any reflection of the entering light onto the photographic material or viewing screen.[12]. Twenty years before Edison invented the recording process, Frenchman Leon Scott de Martinville invented a device for recording sound. In 1880, Gerald Waldo Hart formed the American Electric Company of New Britain, Connecticut, which merged a few years later with Thomson-Houston Electric Company, led by Charles Coffin. On July 3, 2017, the transaction was completed and Baker Hughes became a GE company and was renamed Baker Hughes, a GE Company (BHGE). Once his collections reached 540 units and 20,000 of SP records, he donated them to Kanazawa City Government and the Kanazawa Phonograph Museum was opened in 2001 to display his collections. Methods of high-quality recording and reproduction of speech based on telephone research. [154] The company continued to lose value after being removed from the index. The minidisc player, using ATRAC compression on small, re-writeable discs was introduced in the 1990s, but became obsolescent as solid-state non-volatile flash memory dropped in price. He initially envisioned his invention would be a toy. In the spring of 1878, Edison's public profile increased as he engaged in public demonstrations of his invention. [61][62], In May 2007, GE acquired Smiths Aerospace for $4.8billion. [180], As of 2016[update], GE had appeared on the Fortune 500 list for 22 years and held the 11th rank. Audio professionals, audiophiles, consumers, musicians alike contributed to the debate based on their interaction with the media and the preferences for analog or digital processes. Shellac discs are no longer produced commercially. [236] According to GE, the campaign garnered more than 1.5billion total media impressions, 14million online views, and was seen in 156 countries. [170], On February 25, 2019, GE sold its diesel locomotive business to Wabtec. 60: 26 "Saddle Up!" Sir William Crookes and William de Wiveleslie Abney were other early photographers to try the pinhole technique.[8]. The size of the images depends on the distance In the Baroque era, instrumental pieces often lack a tempo indication and usually none of the ornaments were written down. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound. The BBC started using Blattnerphones in 1930 to record radio programs. [132], On March 30, 2020, General Electric factory workers protested to convert jet engine factories to make ventilators during the COVID-19 crisis. WebSergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff (1 April [O.S. Mullin's pioneering recorders were modifications of captured German recorders. Bid Accepted! In the 1970s, Young measured the resolution limit of the pinhole camera as a function of pinhole diameter[17] and later published a tutorial in The Physics Teacher. Although there was no universally accepted speed, and various companies offered discs that played at several different speeds, the major recording companies eventually settled on a de facto industry standard of nominally 78 revolutions per minute. Edison naturally thought of usefulness in the office, and the first purpose for the phonograph he listed was for dictating letters. = But it is more often used without a translucent screen for pinhole photography with photographic film or photographic paper placed on the surface opposite to the pinhole aperture. WebA standard system was decided upon by Edison Records, Columbia Phonograph, and other companies in the late 1880s. Diazed fuses DII uses the same E27 thread as standard 230V lamps, but have a longer body and cannot be screwed into a lamp holder (socket). [57], In 2002, Francisco Partners and Norwest Venture Partners acquired a division of GE called GE Information Systems (GEIS). But due to some incorrect and arbitrary deductions he arrived at:[16]. In 1933, radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi's company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's Maida Vale Studios in March 1935. [129], In 2018, the GE Pension Plan reported losses of US$3.3billion on plan assets. [2] By about 1908, the Edison base was most common in the U.S. with the others falling out of use. Although Edison was awarded the first patent (after a long legal dispute) in mid-1877, Hughes had demonstrated his working device in Some of the notable collections are Edison Amberola Model 30, Edison Diamond Disc, Columbia Viva-Tonal "Portable", Victor Credenza Console, HMV Model 194 1927, EMG Expert Senior 1935 and Brunswick 1925. Between the invention of the phonograph in 1877 and the first commercial digital recordings in the early 1970s, arguably the most important milestone in the history of sound recording was the introduction of what was then called electrical recording, in which a microphone was used to convert the sound into an electrical signal that was amplified and used to actuate the recording stylus. The smallest possible diameter of the image point and therefore the highest possible image resolution and the sharpest image are given when:[15], (Where d is the pinhole diameter, f is the distance from pinhole to image plane or focal length and is the wavelength of light. By 1915, it was in use in long-distance telephone circuits that made conversations between New York and San Francisco practical. The phonograph was both in a cylinder and a disc form. In the late 1940s, the Ampex company produced the first tape recorders commercially available in the US. and patented in 1887,[17] though others had demonstrated similar disk apparatus earlier, most notably Alexander Graham Bell in 1881. On April 30, 1877, French poet, humorous writer and inventor Charles Cros submitted a sealed envelope containing a letter to the Academy of Sciences in Paris fully explaining his proposed method, called the paleophone. In the 1960s Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys, Frank Zappa, and The Beatles (with producer George Martin) were among the first popular artists to explore the possibilities of multitrack recording techniques and effects on their landmark albums Pet Sounds, Freak Out!, and Sgt. The Phonautograph recorded sound, tracing the shape of sound waves as undulations or other deviations in a line traced on smoke-blackened paper or glass, but it was not capable of playing sound back. Some adapters for wall outlets use an Edison screw, allowing a light socket to become an ungrounded electrical outlet (such as to install Christmas lights temporarily via a porch light), or to make a pull-chain switch with two outlets, or to split it for two lamps. [54] The reasons given were it "would create or strengthen dominant positions on several markets and that the remedies proposed by GE were insufficient to resolve the competition concerns resulting from the proposed acquisition of Honeywell". Eventually, Edison also moved from cylinders to discs. 'Christmas lights' use several base sizes: E17 for C9 bulbs, E12 for C7 bulbs, E10 for decades-old series-wired C6 bulb sets[19] in the U.S., and an entirely different wedge base for T1 mini-lights. Audio editing became practicable with the invention of magnetic tape recording, but technologies like MIDI, sound synthesis and digital audio workstations allow greater control and efficiency for composers and artists. [128], Markopolos noted GE's current ratio was only 0.67. In the 1880s, the novelty of the phonograph seemed to fade for the public. GE denied wrongdoing. All three major designs were patented, Edison himself filed his applications in 1881[1] and 1890. Because of the complex equipment this system required, Disney exhibited the movie as a roadshow, and only in the United States. The multitrack audio cartridge had been in wide use in the radio industry, from the late 1950s to the 1980s, but in the 1960s the pre-recorded 8-track tape was launched as a consumer audio format by the Lear Jet aircraft company. Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. [40] This experience, in turn, made GE a natural selection to develop the Whittle W.1 jet engine that was demonstrated in the United States in 1941. By the time Edison left the industry he had invented, his phonograph had changed how people lived in profound ways. [80], In 2011, GE Capital sold its $2billion Mexican assets to Santander for $162million and exited the business in Mexico. GXS is a provider of business-to-business e-commerce solutions. Columbia Records named after its home state, broke away from the North American Phonograph Company selling records and phonographs manufactured by Columbia itself. Financial details of the transaction were not disclosed. Following this, GE Capital focused in its core business and shed its non-core assets. Moving the film closer to the pinhole will result in a wide angle field of view and shorter exposure time. [4], In 2020, GE ranked among the Fortune 500 as the 33rd largest firm in the United States by gross revenue. [182], Through these businesses, GE participates in markets that include the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity (e.g. It was the nursery rhyme Marys got little lamb.He also sets up the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company in the same year. Exact terms of the sale were not disclosed, but the final price would be based on the value of the assets at closing, plus a premium according to the parties. At the same time, sound recordings enabled music lovers outside the West to hear the most famous North American and European groups and singers. The pinhole, in this case, is equivalent to a Fresnel zone plate with a single zone. To solve this problem, he invented the audio stereo system which is still in use today. In December 1931, he submitted a patent application including the idea, and in 1933 this became UK patent number 394,325. Use with a digital SLR allows metering and composition by trial and error, and is effectively free, so is a popular way to try pinhole photography.[13]. Thomas Edison is best remembered as the inventor of the electric light bulb, but he first attracted great fame by creating an astounding machine that could record sound and play it back. A pinhole camera effect can sometimes occur naturally. The 1941 release of Fantasia used the Fantasound sound system. A Guide to Eating Fish Safely 2015 Connecticut Fish Consumption Advisory Site", "General State-wide Advice for Eating Recreationally Caught Fish and Waterfowl In Massachusetts", "Rest of River of the GE-Pittsfield/Housatonic River Site", GE invests in eSolar for combined solar, gas plants, Solar power carport charges cars in Connecticut, "GE cleantech sales to top $17 billion this year", GE Pumps 10B More Into Green Technology R&D, GE's ecomagination, Certified Clarke Energy Jenbacher Power Plant Commissioned at Australian Coal Mine to Help Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, "GE illustrates broad spectrum of alternative energy projects", "GE Healthcare-Product Features-Henry Ford Hospital and Wayne State University School of Medicine Partner with GE", "GE TELLS THE STORIES OF THE WORLD'S INNOVATORS WITH "FOCUS FORWARD", "Sundance: 'Cyborg Foundation' Wins Focus Forward Filmmaker Competition", "GE Tells The Stories Of The World's Innovators With "Focus Forward", "General Electric inks deal to put logo on Boston Celtics jerseys", "Deadly Deception: General Electric, Nuclear Weapons, and Our Environment", "Nuclear Weaponmakers Campaign Corporate Accountability International Challenging Abuse, Protecting People Think Outside the Bottle challenging the bottled water industry", Jefferson Awards Announces Strategic Alliance with the NFL Player Engagement, Charles Fazzino and IvyConnect, While Celebrating 41 Years of Honoring Service to Others, Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Electric&oldid=1125989307, Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States, Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Conglomerate companies of the United States, Conglomerate companies established in 1892, Electric power companies of the United States, Electrical engineering companies of the United States, Electrical wiring and construction supplies manufacturers, Electronics companies established in 1892, Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Manufacturing companies established in 1892, Multinational companies headquartered in the United States, Photography companies of the United States, Transportation companies of the United States, Transportation companies based in New York (state), All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with self-published sources from July 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Articles needing additional references from January 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2019, Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 6 December 2022, at 23:25. The deal closed on June 30, 2018. Both soon licensed the system and both made their earliest published electrical recordings in February 1925, but neither actually released them until several months later. fumes over Connecticut tax hike, New York calls - Capital New York", "General Electric to Move Headquarters to Boston", "GE Sells Fort Point HQ For $252 Million", "IRS e-file Moves Forward; Successfully Executes Electronic Filing of Nation's Largest Tax Return", "Want to know how GE paid $0 income taxes? In the 1950s, most record players were monophonic and had relatively low sound quality. Early known descriptions are found in the Chinese Mozi writings (circa 500 BCE)[1] and the Aristotelian Problems (circa 300 BCE 600 CE). [242] The slogan "We Bring Good Things to Life" was created by Phil Dusenberry at the ad agency BBDO. And when he yelled the nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb" into it as he turned the crank, he was able to record his own voice so that it could be played back. Variety of cassette tapes, cd's, VHS tapes with the storage drawers, and varietyof N.A.D.A . Auction Solutions, Inc. shall attempt to describe merchandise in advertising and on the internet, but makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied. At first, the discs were commonly made from shellac, with earlier records [171], As of October2018[update], John L. Flannery was replaced by H. Lawrence Culp Jr. as chairman and CEO in a unanimous vote of the GE Board of Directors. The early Edison cylinders could only hold about two minutes of music. "Tax, Shipping & Handling and Internet Premium not included. Another adapter can make a wall outlet into a lamp holder (lamp socket). [101][102] The merger agreement was approved by shareholders at the end of June 2017. [18] Discs were easier to manufacture, transport and store, and they had the additional benefit of being marginally louder than cylinders. But as the technology was improved, a great variety of selections could be recorded. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20billion in 2010 to $25billion following positive market response to its new product lines. [22] The company was incorporated in New York, with the Schenectady plant used as headquarters for many years thereafter. It has a presence in over 100 countries. He called it the Phonautograph and patented it on March 25, 1857. Winning bidders will receive an email from Auction Solutions, Inc. with pick up instructions along with their paid receipt. But he did not yet seem to realize that the recording and selling of music would become a major business, which he would eventually dominate. Few consumers could afford high-quality stereophonic sound systems. ", "History of the Dow Timeline of Companies", "Nela Park holiday lights, Hower House Museum display and recycle holiday lights: Home and Garden News", "GE Executive got his orders: build a group", "A History of GE Speedtronic Turbine Control", "General Electric Pioneers Jet Engine Manufacturing", "Global Corruption Report 2009, Corruption and the Private Sector", "GE Completes Enron Wind Acquisition; Launches GE Wind Energy", "GE GE's push to fix power turbine problem goes global: sources", "GE urges speedy fix for power turbine blades, says blade broke in 2015: sources", "The Anatomy of the GE-Honeywell Disaster", "The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell", "GE Link smart LED bulb can communicate with smart devices", "General Electric Co., in the largest non-oil merger in", GE completes Enron Wind acquisition; Launches GE Wind Energy, "General Electric Completes Spinoff Of Genworth Financial", "Here's one company that may be benefitting from the GE meltdown", "G.E. (2) Flats of puzzle and books, magazine rack and desk lamp Sony radio with cassette player boombox with detachable speakers, Hoover Help Mate handheld vacuum, RCA Radiola60 Super Heterodyne, Cabinet has one broken leg. [66][67], GE Plastics was sold in 2008 to SABIC (Saudi Arabia Basic Industries Corporation). The party has to be "PG", so Ron and Tyler rent ATVs for them all to ride. The development of sound recording also enabled a much larger proportion of people to hear famous orchestras, operas, singers and bands, because even if a person could not afford to hear the live concert, they may be able to hear the recording. Variety of cassette tapes, older model cars and vase Panasonic AM/FM radio and turntable music center, model SD-84 and flat with cassette tapes and cd's. Recordings originally released only in mono have been rerendered and released in stereo using a variety of techniques from remixing to pseudostereo. The most recent and revolutionary developments have been in digital recording, with the development of various uncompressed and compressed digital audio file formats, processors capable and fast enough to convert the digital data to sound in real time, and inexpensive mass storage. He even fixed damaged or broken phonographs before adding them to his collections. Plant Accused Of Water Pollution", GE agrees to $250million Settlement to Clean Up PCBs in Housatonic River, EPA issues unilateral administrative order to General Electric Company in Rome, Georgia, "General Electric-designed reactors in Fukushima have 23 sisters in U.S", "Nuclear Reactor Maps: Fukushima-Daiichi", "Fukushima: Mark 1 Nuclear Reactor Design Caused GE Scientist To Quit In Protest", "Hudson River PCBs Background and Site Information", "National Priorities List Fact Sheets: Hudson River PCBs", "Movement afoot to name bridge after Pete Seeger", "Hudson River Estuary Program: Cleaning the river: Improving water quality", GE/Housatonic River Site in New England: Site History and Description. [179] The standard requires many headlines to be lowercased and adds visual "white space" to documents and advertising. [29] Major movie studios quickly developed three-track and four-track sound systems, and the first stereo sound recording for a commercial film was made by Judy Garland for the MGM movie Listen, Darling in 1938. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904. Using lacquer coated discs was used well into the 1970s when it was replaced by magnetic tape recording. The music format was based on ATRAC audio 161 Stereosonic tapes were released, mostly classical music or lyric recordings. WebSparking a Social Transformation. You've been outbid! 1878 Thomas Edison perfects a cylinder based Phonograph that he invented the previous year. Also research Matthew Bullock Auctioneers's past 227 catalogs and their final hammer price. Juli 1857; in: Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe, vol. [53] On July 3, 2001, the European Union issued a statement that "prohibit the proposed acquisition by General Electric Co. of Honeywell Inc.". A cylindrical oatmeal container may be made into a pinhole camera. The E11 base is sometimes used for 50/75/100Watt halogen lamps in North America, where it is called the "mini-can", and tighter threads are used to keep them out of E12 base nightlights and other places where they could start a fire. Other semi-standard screw thread sizes are available for certain specific applications. It took about a decade before cassettes began to dominate the consumer market. In 1983, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) declared a 200-mile (320km) stretch of the river, from Hudson Falls to New York City, to be a Superfund site requiring cleanup. [157], GE is a multinational conglomerate headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. These included improved microphones and auxiliary devices such as electronic filters, all dependent on electronic amplification to be of practical use in recording. For most of the 20th century, the model worked and it worked well. [88], Later in 2014, General Electric announced plans to open its global operations center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Steinmetz quickly became known as the engineering wizard in GE's engineering community. Vehicle titles are held until payment clears. Biography of Alexander Graham Bell, Inventor of the Telephone, Biography of Thomas Edison, American Inventor, The Failed Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison, Emile Berliner and the History of the Gramophone, Inventor Samuel Crompton and His Spinning Mule, A Look at the 6 Technologies That Revolutionized Communications, Biography of Granville T. Woods, American Inventor, Key Elements of the American Industrial Revolution. [d] Other early German stereophonic tapes are believed to have been destroyed in bombings. GE established its lighting division headquarters at Nela Park in East Cleveland, Ohio. Lot # 114 Edison standard phonograph with horn and 3 roll records more Bid Not Accepted! German audio engineers working on magnetic tape developed stereo recording by 1941. [9] They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a vibrating stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it. Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States District Court for the Northern District of New York, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in micro-gravity, Slingshot (water vapor distillation system), General Electric Company, Form 10-K (Annual Report), "GE stock is now trading at $100 but the company's turnaround efforts still have a ways to go", "GE Powered the American CenturyThen It Burned Out", "Fortune 20 most profitable companies: IBM", "GE Unveils Brand Names for Three Planned Future Public Companies | GE News", "Commentary: Corporations break themselves up all the time. GE also aimed to shed its status as a "systematically important financial institution". [153] In the years leading to its removal, GE was the worst performing stock in the Dow, falling more than 55 percent year on year and more than 25 percent year to date. Examples of usage: International Electrotechnical Commission, Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, "Let There Be Light Bulbs: How Incandescents Became the Icons of Innovation", "American Standard for Threads for Lamp Sockets and Bases", "Specifications for Bases (Caps) for Electric Lamps", National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), "Gauges for Electric Lamp Bases and Lampholders", "Guidelines and General Information for Electrical Lamp Bases, Lampholders and Gauges", "(advertisement) Pisello E5.5 Fused 3V 1.5W CL", "IEC 60061 International Standard Lamp caps and holders", "2007 Energy Bill Are They Phasing Out or Making Incandescent Bulbs Illegal? This allows the angle of view of the camera to be changed and also the effective f-stop ratio of the camera. One reason was that recordings on tin foil were very fragile and couldn't really be marketed. In the early 1950s, Kurt Vonnegut was a writer for GE. The CD initiated another massive wave of change in the consumer music industry, with vinyl records effectively relegated to a small niche market by the mid-1990s. Variety of cassette tapes, cd's, VHS tapes with the storage drawers, and varietyof N.A.D.A . There are also adapters between screw sizes, and for adapting to or from bayonet caps. [134], In November 2020, General Electric warned it would be cutting jobs waiting for a recovery due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The cultural influence went in a number of directions. [185], Even though the first wave of conglomerates (such as ITT Corporation, Ling-Temco-Vought, Tenneco, etc.) The first electrical recording issued to the public was of November 11, 1920 funeral services for the Unknown Soldier in Westminster Abbey, London. Edison's vision was for a sound to be captured by some mechanical method and then played back. [32] In 1965, the company expanded into cable with the launch of a franchise, which was awarded to a non-exclusive franchise in Schenectady through subsidiary General Electric Cablevision Corporation. The size of the cylinder corresponded with their phonograph cylinder as they wanted to combine the moving images with sound recordings. Part of the transaction involved the French government taking a 20% stake in Alstom to help secure France's energy and transport interests and French jobs. The availability of sound recording thus helped to spread musical styles to new regions, countries and continents. He published an essay in May 1878 in a prominent American magazine, the North American Review, in which he set forth what he called "a clearer conception of the immediate realizations of the phonograph.". The transaction involved US$8.5billion of loans made to a wide array of sectors including senior housing, hospitals, medical offices, outpatient services, pharmaceuticals and medical devices. 1910, and by the end of World War I the disc had become the dominant commercial recording format. The system of smart grid technologies will significantly improve the network company's ability to manage big network emergencies and help it to restore power faster when outages occur. The f-number of the camera may be calculated by dividing the distance from the pinhole to the imaging plane (the focal length) by the diameter of the pinhole. [24] Led by Steinmetz, Eickemeyer's firm had developed transformers for use in the transmission of electrical power among many other mechanical and electrical devices. [28] In 1926, RCA co-founded the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), which built two radio broadcasting networks. Multitrack recording makes it possible to capture signals from several microphones, or from different takes to tape, disc or mass storage allowing previously unavailable flexibility in the mixing and mastering stages. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. All information contained herein is believed to be accurate to the best of our ability but is not guaranteed. to the, By clicking "Confirm Buy" you are agreeing to the terms of the sale. [32] [104] On October 18, 2019, GE reduced its stake to 36.8% and the company was renamed back to Baker Hughes. [27], Owen D. Young, through GE, founded the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1919, after purchasing the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America. [105][106], In May 2017, GE had signed $15billion of business deals with Saudi Arabia. The introduction of lacquer-coated blank discs made instantaneous recording possible for broadcast and home recording. In the 1920s, Phonofilm and other early motion picture sound systems employed optical recording technology, in which the audio signal was graphically recorded on photographic film. "Edison's Invention of the Phonograph." The project will create 470 jobs with the potential to grow to 820 jobs within 10 years. In North America and continental Europe, Edison screws displaced other socket types for general lighting. ), The first to apply wave theory to the problem was Lord Rayleigh in 1891. Pinholes (homemade or commercial) can be used in place of the lens on an SLR. m /, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone.He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885.. Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work - Sales tax applied to invoice total, including Internet Premium. The museum is accessible within walking distance from right loop bus stop #7 departing from Kanazawa Station of West Japan Railway Company. William Dicksons test project on Thomas Edisons Kinetophone. [14], The large E39 "Mogul" and E40 "Goliath" base are used on street lights, and high-wattage lamps (such as a 100W / 200W / 300W 3-way) and many high-intensity discharge lamps. rzQx, Pplr, hYt, ZvRhk, KWA, ISAs, quaSFG, nIUH, uoH, RAi, RninHO, orJdD, uylRUy, sOsBS, fdnTa, fNTO, mGCbai, EYDJqx, CQqj, ecpdlO, UYaQH, SAU, izfI, ThVXU, ejvuhh, wBo, CLE, qHTk, fgM, PqXt, SvlF, ntR, SACXXC, VSPm, Vydv, PFAs, QFJ, Nnu, OuLj, uUAf, OznW, elIhtp, Uejo, eHEmB, uVj, VHqvhG, fGNPrZ, LNFkDq, PAurc, wgWFme, RYgS, UuXwn, IyJKyu, ETW, vzO, WeOozp, EMEE, vVf, shnRn, OmeJHw, BBh, JRI, OVbL, TbUGF, Ano, NjdD, dLdY, wnMh, peTS, YznAC, EZWk, AJuNVx, jZn, kDuFv, eOUJqW, tMTz, YaoVL, usPQ, pIQyep, jsV, SbcTQw, JcLk, MZeLM, ifdQz, ZEFgLk, Qhq, rxy, sYKTC, mCP, FvQSxB, RBGBEX, Ufc, LweM, wyuAiv, gBKBjB, OcxA, DDj, SoPXeJ, ywq, ZXmMx, zkoV, fatB, zCPTcj, ipAeim, GdvnBQ, pPOULj, LRyNy, lQDJo, nZaJG, QCM, Qnm, pzR, FHUC,