Demeter, in divine epiphany, floods the halls with radiance like lightning: Homeric Hymn to Ceres 27680 (H. Foley, ed., The Homeric Hymn to Demeter: Translation, Commentary, and Interpretive Essays, 3rd printing, with bibl. For the tactile sensation? nn. Details from nineteenth-century watercolor painting by G. Mariani. Amber necklaces were gifts for brides, mortal and immortal, as the ancient sources tell us. Five faint stars appear close to Aldebaran in the sky. J. Sebesta, The Costume of the Roman Woman, in Sebesta and Bonfante 1994Citation: Sebesta, J. L., and L. Bonfante, eds. Delivery times may vary, especially during peak periods. The stones bright color may have been another reason for its association with Artemis. The womans Tomb 48 at Melfi-Pisciolo included at least five figured pendants, but only one female head in profile shows considerable surface wear. [7], On 11 March AD509, a lunar occultation of Aldebaran was observed in Athens, Greece. Thus, the magical rite included the actions that accompanied the words, while the objects or ingredients used in the rite were equally important; see Pinch 1994Citation: Pinch, G. Magic in Ancient Egypt. A number of terracottas of seated goddesses from Greek sanctuaries in Magna Graecia, for example, wear strings of figured elements, among them bulls heads.177 On Greek vases, on Cypriot terracotta sculptures of temple boys, and on Laconian bronze images of partly clothed young women are seen cross-torso carriers bearing various kinds of amulets: crescents, boar tusks, circlets, and other shapes. 2833; G. Bonfante, The Word for Amber in Baltic, Latin, Germanic, and Greek, Journal of Baltic Studies 16, no. One seventh-century B.C. 4568. New Delhi, 1994. and Winter 1999Citation: Winter, I. J. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. Some beads and pendants show signs of useof handling, of pulling on the suspension perforations, of rubbing. It is situated to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry, south of Nottingham and west of Peterborough. Your go-to for Pharmacy, Health & Wellness and Photo products. Dionysos wears a single bulla on the Praenestine Cista Napoleon in the Louvre.153 On an Etruscan red-figure krater in Florence, an Argonaut wears strings of bullae on his arms, while a companion ties on yet another (figure 32).154 On a sarcophagus from the Tomb of the Triclinium at Tarquinia, a reclining woman wearing a necklace of bullae, holding a thyrsus and kantharos and keeping a fawn by her side, is clearly a devotee or maybe a priestess of Dionysos/Pacha/Fufluns. 1 (Spring 1982): 1338; and P. R. S. Moorey, Materials and Manufacture in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Evidence of Archaeology and Art, Abbreviation: BARBritish Archaeological Reports International Series 237 (Oxford, 1985). London, 1992., n. 2, sums up: The shining appearance which associated precious metals with the celestial bodies was a quality which may well have been seen as symbolic in other areas such as the high polish given to some stone statues and the varnish given to wooden objects.. [12] An asteroseismic analysis of the residuals to the planet fit has determined that Aldebaranb has a minimum mass of 5.80.7 Jupiter masses, and that when the star was on the main sequence it would have given this planet Earth-like levels of illumination and therefore, potentially, temperature. Association Agreement with the European Union, "Traditional winemaking in Georgia - the oldest wine in the world - Cycloscope", "UNESCO - Ancient Georgian traditional Qvevri wine-making method", "What's in a Kvevri? Based on present day observations, the position of Aldebaran has shifted 7 in the last 2000 years; roughly a quarter the diameter of the full moon. Pliny lists a variety of sources containing variations on one or both of these themes, but his final word on lyngourion is that the whole story is false, and no gemstone bearing this name has been known in our time. Although Pliny may have been justified in his skepticism (Liguria was no more a producer of amber than the lynx was of gemstones), lyngourion appears to be a term applied to highly transparent varieties of amber, while elektron was used more generally. 2010-2022 BevNET.com, Inc. (Legal terms), Brewbound Craft Beer News, Events & Jobs, Delivery Driver and Sales Support Team Member - Bradley Brew Project, Full-time Assistant Brewer Position Available Now for Brewpub and Production Brewery - Peak Drift Brewing Company, Craft Brewing Salesperson - PA and Surrounding area - Zilka and Company. Florence, Museo Archeologico Nazionale, 4026. Los Angeles, 2000., p. 282; Cagianelli and Sannibale 1999Citation: Cagianelli, C., and M. Sannibale. Dimi is an Imeretian-type white ordinary wine. London, 1966., pp. Defining the Dreadful: Remarks on the Greek Child-Killing Demon. In Ancient Magic and Ritual Power, edited by M. Meyer and P. Mirecki, pp. Invidia is one of the words used to describe the dangers amulets were intended to prevent or act against. New York, 1991., p. 107: Simple uninscribed amulets are difficult, if not impossible, to identify; even when they carry some tell-tale symbol or design they remain silent about their specific purpose or the source of their efficacy. It spins slowly and takes 520 days to complete a rotation. To be overly concerned with the distinction among the roles of amber (sacral, ornamental, magical, medicinal) is perhaps to miss the more subtle relationships among them. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco Cataloghi 5. The angular diameter of Aldebaran has been measured many times. 11034, with nos. [49], Alpha Tauri CD is a binary system with the C and D component stars gravitationally bound to and co-orbiting each other. (Columbia University, 2005), analyzes the history of the appreciation of luster and brilliance in marble and other stones. In life, amulets were worn as charms to bring good luck, health, protection, or love, to avert danger, or to cure disease. Roy Kotansky traces the use of written incantations and symbols with amulets back to the rituals of Egypt and the Near East and notes that these may have been transmitted to Ancient Greece and Italy by traditional folk means, traders, or itinerant medicine men or women.162, There is a relative paucity of information in Greek and Latin literature about amulets and their use, as noted above, and much of the archaeological evidence awaits study. 150-year-old shipwreck from gold rush discovered off the coast of Washington state Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. [61] A well-known example is the German conspiracy theorist Axel Stoll, who considered the star the home of the Aryan race and the target of expeditions by the Wehrmacht. 51436 even has bores in the cheek and chin. 21929. [4], Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as the Washington Double Star Catalog as WDS04359+1631 and the Aitken Double Star Catalogue as ADS3321. send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. An ancient Iraqi city, estimated to be close to 3,400 years old, has been unearthed in the Kurdistan region of Kemune in the country. Baltimore, 2003., pp. New York, 2001.; Haynes 2000Citation: Haynes, S. Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History. In 2013, UNESCO added the ancient traditional Georgian winemaking method using the Kvevri clay jars to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.[5]. Much has been written on the relationship of resin and metal; these references are noted and reviewed in Hughes-Brock 1993Citation: Hughes-Brock, H. Amber in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age: Some Problems and Perspectives. In Amber in Archaeology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice, 1990, edited by C. W. Beck and J. Bouzek, pp. 1 (1983): 517; and works by J. M. Riddle, including Pomum ambrae: Amber and Ambergris in Plague Remedies, in Quid Pro Quo: Studies in the History of Drugs (Hampshire, UK, 1992), pp. It was an "official" reason, but instability of economic relations with Russia is well known, as they use the economic ties for political purposes. Ancient City Brewing Company: Augustine's Orange Amber Ale. The traditional name Aldebaran derives from the Arabic al Dabarn (""), meaning "the follower", because it seems to follow the Pleiades. Plavdiv (), Filibe, Pdna (), Pidna was a Greek city in ancient Macedon. So far neither the B component, nor anything else, has been unambiguously shown to be physically associated with Aldebaran. 3738; H. Gabelmann, Rmische Kinder in Toga Praetexta, Abbreviation: JdiJahrbuch des Deutschen Archologischen Instituts 100 (1985): 497541; M. Torelli, La storia degli Etruschi (Rome and Bari, 1984), pp. Such occultations occur when the Moon's ascending node is near the autumnal equinox. Raw amber pieces are sometimes found with large round holes in their center, the result of resin forming around a branch or twig (now disintegrated). Lakedaimon (), Lakedaimonia (), , , Spart. Independently, Hughes-Brock 1993Citation: Hughes-Brock, H. Amber in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age: Some Problems and Perspectives. In Amber in Archaeology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Amber in Archaeology, Liblice, 1990, edited by C. W. Beck and J. Bouzek, pp. On Eileithyia, see Abbreviation: LIMCLexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. Traditionally, an alloy with more than 75 percent gold present is described as gold. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco Cataloghi 5. About Our Coalition. The measurements for Aldebaran implied a companion with a minimum mass 11.4 times that of Jupiter in a 643-day orbit at a separation of 2.0AU (300Gm) in a mildly eccentric orbit. 23. Something went wrong. Following the three stars of Orion's belt in the opposite direction to Sirius, the first bright star encountered is Aldebaran. [1981]: 28596), gold-silver alloys with 550 percent gold should be termed aurian silver (those with less than 5 percent gold are simply termed silver with low gold). They go on to state: The traditional division between electrum and gold at 75 percent gold level falls most inconveniently at just about the median composition for much Egyptian gold-work. In 2010, Georgia exported wines to: Ukraine - about 7.5 million bottles, Kazakhstan - about 2 million bottles, Belarus - about 1.2 million bottles, Poland - about 870,000 bottles and Latvia - 590,000 bottles.[10]. Bronzi a figura umana. The soil in vineyards is so intensively cultivated that the grapevines grow up the trunks of fruit trees eventually hanging down along the fruit when they ripen. Hello, and welcome to Protocol Entertainment, your guide to the business of the gaming and media industries. All amulet wearers depicted on Etruscan fourth-century mirrors are elite subjects, and most are identified as divinities and heroes. The story, whether apocryphal or not, is further evidence for widespread use of amulets among the elite, as well as the lower classes.148 It is also interesting for its indications about the role of women in promoting such use.149. Prague, 1993., p. 224, postulated that elektron was originally used for the resin and then transferred to the metal because the two materials shared certain optical properties. She implores him to take away the dead who would like to steal her child. Why and when were they bored? For discussion of early electrum usage in Mesopotamia, see P. R. S. Moorey, The Archaeological Evidence for Metallurgy and Related Technologies in Mesopotamia, ca. Modern white winemaking discards skins before fermentation. The ancient sources relate that the king Tarquinius Priscus was the first to present his son with a gold amulet after the son had killed an enemy in battle, and from that time onward the sons of cavalrymen wore amulets. Members of the The San Diego Union-Tribune Editorial Board and some local writers share their thoughts on 2022. The largest amber bulla known to me comes from Belmonte Piceno Tomb 94, a grave typed as female by I. DallOsso (cited by, Amber might have been especially effective in magically attracting the sun, due to its inherent magnetic property and because of ambers sympathetic brilliance and color: like would attract like. How were they understood? The whole orb glowed with enamel, white ivory, and amber, and it shone with gleaming gold.63, In each of these passages referring to the use of amberthe ornamentation of a seemingly Olympian palace, necklaces intended for elite women, and the shield of a heroamber is inextricably bound up with the light of the sun, and it is associated with gods, heroes, and a social elite. Several examples from controlled excavations seem to confirm this. Amber, gold, and carnelian. [40], The photosphere shows abundances of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen that suggest the giant has gone through its first dredge-up stagea normal step in the evolution of a star into a red giant during which material from deep within the star is brought up to the surface by convection. However, the companion discovered by Burnham had almost exactly the same proper motion as Aldebaran, suggesting that the two formed a wide binary star system. For the lapidaries, see R. Halleux and J. Schamp, Les lapidaires grecs: Lapidaire orphique, krygmes, lapidaires dOrphe, Socrate et Denys, lapidaire nautique, Damigron-Evax (Paris, 1985); and L. Baisier, The Lapidaire Chrtien: Its Composition, Its Influence, Its Sources (Washington, DC, 1936), p. 90., Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a. 42123, pls. [22], Aldebaran is 5.47 degrees south of the ecliptic and so can be occulted by the Moon. [31], English astronomer William Herschel discovered a faint companion to Aldebaran in 1782;[32] an 11th-magnitude star at an angular separation of 117. Vatican City, 1999., pp. Gemstones of lyngourion are first attested in third-century inventories of the Asklepieion on the south slope of the Acropolis and in the shrines of Artemis and Eileithyia (goddesses associated with childbirth, light, and the moon) at Delos.68. The largest and most canonically apotropaic of all amber pendants may be that excavated from a womans tomb (Tomb 94) at Belmonte Piceno: Rocco 1999Citation: Rocco, G. Avori e ossi dal Piceno. Aldebaran is one of the easiest stars to find in the night sky, partly due to its brightness and partly due to being near one of the more noticeable asterisms in the sky. Georgian wines are classified as sweet, semi-sweet, semi-dry, dry, fortified and sparkling. Could his bullae be of amber, considering the Argonauts destination of the northern lands, the ancient association between this voyage and amber, and ambers safeguarding and buoyant properties? Grades PreK - 4 This glow had been the defining characteristic of amber for centuries. Ancient artifacts attest to the high skill of local craftsmen. Ritters, cited by F. Eckstein and J. H. Waszink, was the first to connect thium with incense. For other uses, see, Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg, "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)", "Astrometric Studies of Aldebaran, Arcturus, Vega, the Hyades, and Other Regions", "Aldebaran b's Temperate Past Uncovered in Planet Search Data", "The Washington Visual Double Star Catalog", "The Moon Hits a Cosmic Bull's Eye Tonight: How to See It", Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph, "Considerations on the Change of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixt Stars. The large, lens-shaped amber has a relief gorgoneion in its center and seven feline and human heads carved around its edge. [13], Aldebaran is listed as the spectral standard for type K5+ III stars. During Soviet times wines produced in Georgia were very popular. For centuries, Georgians drank, and in some areas still drink, their wine from horns (called kantsi in Georgian) and skins from their herd animals. Brilliant amber is employed metaphorically by the second-century A.D. satirist Lucian of Samosata, alluding to a desirable ones appearance: Her entire body devoid of the least hair has more brilliance than amber or glass from Sidon. See Different Desires: A Dialogue Comparing Male and Female Love Attributed to Lucian of Samosata, trans. Compare also the biblical Ezekiels vision, in which the metaphor for brightness is amber: Then I beheld, and lo a likeness as the appearance of fire: from the appearance of his loins even downward, fire; and from his loins even upward, as the appearance of brightness, as the colour of amber (Ezekiel 8:2). XIX), and to a number of ivory kouroi (discussed in n. 248); in each case, the material may have been the determining divine attribute.. Lelo is a port-type wine made from the Tsitska and Tsolikauri grape varieties grown in Zestaphoni, Terjola, Baghdati and Vani districts. 12331. As with the rest of the stars in the cluster they do not physically interact with Aldebaran in any way. Or might they have been like one of numerous surviving small carvings in amberbird and animal figures, or corn ears and fruitgiven as New Years presents in Imperial Rome? For examples of these two gods adorned with pendants, see L. Bonfante, Fufluns Pacha: The Etruscan Dionysus, in. Such groupings are documented as early as the Early Dynastic period (third millennium B.C.) As with these French wines, Georgian wines are usually a blend of two or more grapes. The importance of the bulla for high-born Etruscan boys is evidenced by the third-century B.C. Figured or inscribed amulets often would have had a sympathetic function;144 a figure of a boar, such as the Getty plaque Addorsed Lions Heads with Boar in Relief (figure 30), might have brought luck in a hunt, safeguarded the wearer from the boar he was hunting, or even channeled the powers of Herakles or Meleager. Novara, 1983., p. 11; and A. Andrn, Oreficerie e plastica etrusche, Opuscula Archaeologica 5 (1948): 9499. For the ancients familiar with the Phaethon or Meleager myth, the tears may have called up the weeping of the Heliades or the Meleagrides. [11], Traditional Georgian grape varieties are little known in the World. 42, 65ff., fig. Santorini (Greek: , pronounced [sandorini]), officially Thira (Greek: ) and classical Greek Thera (English pronunciation / r /), is an island in the southern Aegean Sea, about 200 km (120 mi) southeast from the Greek mainland. The amulets worn by youngsters and athletic young women (on mirror supports) include many time-honored fertility subjects: the crescent moon, lotus blossoms, lotus flowers, and the sun. On a practical level, the holes may have been drilled into the amber to better protect it when it was suspended from a pin, or, once the piece was cored, it would have been suitable for wearing on a pin. Gothenburg, 2000., p. 401: Electrum is a light-coloured alloy, though the precise percentage of silver required to constitute it varies according to authorities: as low as 810% or over 20% or even over 40%. The commonest natural impurity of any degree is silver: anything up to 50% being called gold, thereafter the alloy is seen as basically a silver. A number of miniature kouros amulets of glazed composition, found at Rhodes and now in the Louvre, are very close in form to the amber kouros in the British Museum (BM 41: Strong 1966Citation: Strong, D. E. Catalogue of the Carved Amber in the Department of the Greek and Roman Antiquities. Radiance as an Aesthetic Value in the Art of Mesopotamia (with Some Indian Parallels). In Art: The Integral Vision; A Volume of Essays in Felicitation of Kapila Vatsyayan, edited by B. N. Saraswati et al., pp. In 1985 wine production was 881,000 tons. Cornaline et pierres prcieuses: La Mditerrane, de lAntiquit lIslam; Actes du colloque organis au Muse du Louvre les 2425 novembre 1995. Although nearly all figured amber pendants excavated in Italy were found in funerary contexts, many of them had lives and an owner or owners (not necessarily the deceased) before they became part of the mourning ritual. These co-orbiting stars have been shown to be located far beyond Aldebaran and are members of the Hyades star cluster. Alexandria on the Indus. This room of the tomb may depict the grove of Apollo or a Dionysian setting. added [Princeton, 1999]). Vatican City, 1999., pp. A. Donohue, Xoana and the Origins of Greek Sculpture (Atlanta, 1988); J.-P. Vernant, Mortals and Immortals: The Bodies of the Divine, in Mortals and Immortals: Collected Essays, ed. Aldebaran is believed to host a planet several times the mass of Jupiter, named Aldebaran b. In addition to the bibliography above, see Bonfante 2003Citation: Bonfante, L. Etruscan Dress. 3 (Fall 1985): 31619; M. E. Huld, Greek Amber, in From the Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas, ed. J. Marler (Manchester, CT, 1997), pp. We might extrapolate from such sources how amber might have worked in this regard. It is best seen at midnight late November / early December. The sometimes disfiguring large drilled holes in the faces deserve special comment. A. Coen, Bulle auree dal Piceno nel Museo Archeologico Nazionale delle Marche, Prospettiva 8990 (1998): 94, has best articulated the difference between the wearing of multiple bullae by various personages and the wearing of the single bulla by boys. This is an incomplete list of ancient Greek cities, including colonies outside Greece. Many were soon assimilated to some other language. The smoothed prominent surfaces of the Getty pendant Winged Female Head in Profile (figure 37), the multiple through-bores, the abrasion troughs in the suspension perforations at the top, and the central hole all indicate that this pendant must have been used over a period of time before it was finally interred in a grave.176 How and by whom amber pendants were used during life is a subject for speculation. By this means, the recession velocity of Aldebaran was estimated as 30 miles per second (48km/s), using measurements performed at Potsdam Observatory by Hermann C. Vogel and his assistant Julius Scheiner. For examples of bulla wearers (including demons) on Etruscan mirrors, see. This region lies at about 2.5 times the radius of the star and has a temperature of about 1,500K. The spectrum reveals lines of carbon monoxide, water, and titanium oxide. Such an object derives new significance when it is attached to a persontied around the neck, perhaps, or fastened to the arm or a girdle. Mirror with Peleus, Thetis, and Galene, Etruscan, Late Classical, ca. Also the variable copper presence will have a major effect on colour (ibid.). Although only a portion of the extant figured ambers can be associated with religious cults, the use of amulets was certainly bound up with secret knowledge of sources of powerthe province of skilled practitioners such as magicians, priests, wise women, healers, and midwives.147 Practitioners of magic might exert an influence on all levels of society. Necklace with a pendant scarab, Italic or Etruscan and Greek, 550400 B.C. Madison, WI, 1994., pp. [23] A series of 49 occultations occurred starting on 29 January 2015 and ending at 3 September 2018. It has the Bayer designation Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or Tau. In the first room of the tomb (figure 40), simple carriers with rams- and lions-head pendants, similar to those in the Getty (figure 41), hang from branches. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it (typically) the fourteenth-brightest star in the night sky. plain pendant in the Getty collection (figure 31) is inscribed with two images, on one side a fish and on the other something resembling the Egyptian symbol of a papyrus clump, or a pool with lotus flowers. Alexandria the Furthest, Khjand, Khodzhent, Khudchand, Chodjend, Ispisar, Leninabad, Leninobod. For other sources on ambers ancient names, see Schwarzenberg 2002Citation: Schwarzenberg, E. Lambre: Du mythe lpigramme. In Lpigramme de lAntiquit au XVIIe sicle ou Du ciseau la pointe, edited Jeanne Dion, pp. A female head from a grave at Latronico retains sharp groovings in the hair and crisp delineations in the diadem, but has smoothed facial features (its tiny chips are likely from modern times). In this list, a city is defined as a single population center. In the Asklepieion inventory, a lyggourion [sic] on a chain brought by Satyra is noted for the year 276/5. Currently, the wine is produced by thousands of small farmers (using primarily traditional techniques of wine-making), as well as certain monasteries, and modern wineries. She underlines (Winter 1994Citation: Winter, I. J. From classical Antiquity, Georgian museums display a cameo depicting Bacchus, and numerous sarcophagi with wine pitchers and ornamented wine cups found in ancient tombs. Measurements by the Hipparcos satellite and other sources put Aldebaran around 65.3 light-years (20.0 parsecs) away. H. Horsnaes, Magical stones that protect pregnant women are listed in most ancient lapidaries. [13] It is 44 times the diameter of the Sun, approximately 61 million kilometres. Fufluns as a youth, now with a necklace of amulets but otherwise unadorned, is kissed by his mother, Semele, on another in Berlin.178. at TricaricoSerra del Cedro, is an extreme example of face-rubbing: the youths face is nearly lost.173 Female heads from a documented find at Valle Pega (Spina) and rams heads from excavated tombs at Bologna show well the contrast between the better-preserved tops of heads and the more abraded faces.174 A number of the Getty female and rams heads illustrate similar patterns of wear. [51], Aldebaran was originally (Nayyir al-Dabarn in Arabic), meaning "the bright one of the follower", since it follows the Pleiades; in fact, the Arabs sometimes also applied the name al-Dabarn to the Hyades as a whole. Compare, for example, this Egyptian text: The infant is protected by the gods, the childs name, the milk he sucks, the clothes he wears, the age in which he lives, the amulets made for him and placed around his neck. F. Lexa. Princeton, 2001., p. 96101. She prays to the rising sun. G. Colonna (Milan, 1985), pp. Now that the wines of Eastern and Central Europe are coming to international awareness, grapes from this region are becoming better known. Might one of Plinys amulets be similar to the Roman Head of Medusa (see figure 1)? We invest in programs to put talented and motivated people on the path to success. 317, 11112, and Amber in Ancient Pharmacy: The Transmission of Information about a Single Drug, in Dioscorides on Pharmacy and Medicine (Austin, TX, 1985). This, as well as observations of the changing positions of stars Sirius and Arcturus, led to the discovery of proper motion. Exempla of human bulla wearers are on the stone sarcophagus from the Tomb of the Sarcophagi, Banditaccia Cemetery, Cerveteri (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco). Some well-known examples indicate how pervasive was the use of tied-on substances: Pericles, sick with the plague, was prodded into wearing an amulet around his neck. Pick the perfect hotel deal & save! At the Delian shrine of Eileithyia, a lyngourion set in a gold ring is first recorded in the inventory of 269. See n. 156, below. This star was shown to be itself a close double star by S. W. Burnham in 1888, and he discovered an additional 14th-magnitude companion at an angular separation of 31. Neb hedj, or white gold, was long known in Egypt; its dual nature meant that it was used sometimes with the significance of gold and at other times as if it were identical with silver, which early on was associated with the moon (Wilkinson 1994Citation: Wilkinson, R. H. Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art. These were often referred to as poleis in the ancient world, these were autonomous city-states, although the list is not limited to poleis but includes also settlements that were not sovereign city-states. Read latest breaking news, updates, and headlines. Naturally occurring alloys likely were used alongside human-made ones. By analogy some cities are included that never spoke Greek and were not Hellenic, but contributed to Hellenic culture later found in the region. The World of Roman Costume. Durazzo, Germanicopolis (), Germanopolis (), Changra, Kandari, Kanghari, Gtheion (), Gythio, Githio, Yithion, Halikarnasss, Alikarnasss (), Halikarnas, Petronium (), Heloros, Helorum, Elorus, , , Eloro, Heraclea Thraciae, Heraclea (), Heraclea, Hrakleia Minia, Rhachlts, Heracliensis, Iassus (Io, Io), Askem, Asn Kalessi, Casmenae, Casmene, Kasmenai, Kasmene, (, Katn (), Catna, Catna, Balad-al-Fil, Medinat-al-Fil, Wadi Musa, Qataniyah, Eupatoria (, ), Kezlev, Kerkinitis, Gzleve, Cius-Kios (K, K), Keios, Prusa, Prusias, Prusias ad Mare, Zetounion (), Zitouni (), Zirtounion, Zitonion, Girton, El Cito, Lampsakos (), Pityusa, Pityussa, Pituousa (), Pituoussa (), Laodicea ad Mare, Latakiyah, Al-Ladhiqiyah, Laodikeia, Laodiceia, Lazkiye, Laodicea ad Mare, Diospolis, Rhoas, Claudiolaodicea, Laodicea ad Lycum, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodicea in Persis, Antiochia Nahavand, Nahvand (), Nahavend, Nahawand, Nehavand, Nihavand, Nehavend, Mah-Nahavand, Laodicea (), Ladhiqiyya, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodicea in Media, Antiochia in Persis, Antiochia of Chosroes ( ), Antiochia in Media ( ), Nemavand, Niphaunda, Laodicea Catacecaumene, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Laodikeia Katakekaumen, Claudiolaodicea, Laodiceia, Laodikeia, Cabrosa, Scabrosa, Cabiosa Laodiceia, Lintini, Leontinoi, Leontini and Leontium, Marathnas (), Marathn (), Menebria, Mesimvria (), Mesimvria, Murgantia, Morgantium, , , Murgentia, Morgentia, Nafpio, Nauplia, Navplion, Naupli, Nauplia, Nfplion, Anplion, Anplia, Napoli di Romania, Mora Yeniehir, Anabol, Yeni ehir, Nfplion, Nafpaktos (, ), Naupactos, nebaht, Lepanto, Polyhrono, Polichrono, Polihrono (), Polyhronon, Polihronon, Ancore, Helicore, Antigoneia (), Nikaia, Nica, Olymp'a (), Olmpia (), Olimpia, Olimbia, Plateia, Pactia, Demetrias, Strongyli, Hyria, Hyleessa, Minoa, Cabarnis, Pulpudeva(reconstructed Thracian,uncertain), Eumolpias, Philippoupoli, Philippoupolis (, ), Trimontium, Paldin (). 14344, n. 95; Dickie 2001Citation: Dickie, M. Magic and Magicians in the Greco-Roman World. The planetary exploration probe Pioneer 10 is heading in the general direction of the star and should make its closest approach in about two million years. Who scratched the signs? Madison, WI, 1994., p. 47, notes the apotropaic nature of both the bulla and the band of the toga praetexta. If amber was fiery and glowing, its most prized characteristics, then this alone might have ensured it a special protective and sanctifying role.159 Amber could also symbolize constancy. [38] Analysis of observations over a much longer period still find a total amplitude likely to be less than 0.1 magnitudes, and the variation is considered to be irregular. Follow on measurements of proper motion showed that Herschel's companion was diverging from Aldebaran, and hence they were not physically connected. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. This method of cultivation is called maglari. Madison, WI, 1994., pp. [33], Working at his private observatory in Tulse Hill, England, in 1864 William Huggins performed the first studies of the spectrum of Aldebaran, where he was able to identify the lines of nine elements, including iron, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. Many are commonly described as jewelry or by an equivalent word, but rarely as amulets. On this, see, For more on Dioscorides discussion of amber, see. Wine vessels of every shape, size and design have been the crucial part of pottery in Georgia for millennia. These handsome beasts are a living legacy of primeval timesthey've watched history unfold around them from the era of the woolly mammoth. The star also appears in works of fiction such as Far From the Madding Crowd (1874) and Down and Out in Paris and London (1933). [21] News from San Diego's North County, covering Oceanside, Escondido, Encinitas, Vista, San Marcos, Solana Beach, Del Mar and Fallbrook. It also has the Bright Star Catalogue number 1457, the HD number 29139, and the Hipparcos catalogue number 21421, mostly seen in scientific publications. The horns were cleaned, boiled and polished, creating a unique and durable drinking vessel. T. G. H. James suggests, Although certain materials, semiprecious stones in particular, were invested with magical properties in ancient Egypt, it seems that these properties were usually only activated when the stone in question was used for the manufacture of amuletic figures of specific kinds.142, Almost any jewelry object could have had some apotropaic functionand, as Geraldine Pinch remarks in her book on Egyptian magic, it is hardly an exaggeration to say that most Egyptian jewelry had amuletic value. As Demetrius Waarsenburg argues, the crepundia (charms strung together and used as rattles for children) can be connected to these assemblages of amulets, implying that they originally had a more profound significance.170. [8] The shipment of counterfeit wine has been primarily channeled through Russian managed customs checkpoints in Russian occupied Georgian territories Abkhazia and South Ossetia, where no inspection and regulation occurs. It is largely a matter of semantics how such mixtures are termed, there being no hard and fast definition. Pure gold probably never occurs naturally. It is rare to find 9899% purity. See also J. F. Healy, Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World (London, 1978), pp. 15, 6566, no. Telemachuss association of the brightness, the shine, the brilliance of Menelauss palace with divinity seems almost instinctive. [32], In 1993 radial velocity measurements of Aldebaran, Arcturus and Pollux showed that Aldebaran exhibited a long-period radial velocity oscillation, which could be interpreted as a substellar companion. See M. Dickie, The Fathers of the Church and the Evil Eye, in Byzantine Magic, ed. A. Livingstone, The Magic of Time, in Mesopotamian Magic: Textual, Historical and Interpretive Perspectives, ed. Elektron occurs two other times in the Odyssey: once in Book 15, when the swineherd Eumaeus, telling the story of his kidnapping to Odysseus, remembers the cunning Phoenician mariner who turned up at his ancestral home with an eye-catching golden necklace strung with amber pieces.61 In addition, in Book 18, when the suitors vie with one another in the extravagance of their gifts to Penelope, Eurymachuss contribution is a richly crafted necklace of gold adorned with sun-bright amber (figure 19).62 Another early occurrence of elektron is in the Pseudo-Hesiodic Shield of Herakles. When filled with the fermented juice of the harvest, the kvevris are topped with a wooden lid and then covered and sealed with earth. Was the mere presence of Egyptian, or Egyptianlike, writing enough to make the amber more efficacious? The timings of the tram tour are 10am-noon, 1pm-3pm, 3pm-5pm, 5pm-7pm. Among the best-known Georgian wine regions are Kakheti (further divided into the micro-regions of Telavi and Kvareli), Kartli, Imereti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Adjara and Abkhazia. Choose from thousands of hotel discounts & cheap hotel rooms. 10737. It is of benefit to babies when it is attached to them as an amulet.134 In this passage, we find one of the two surviving ancient literary references to an amulet of amber, a use (the archaeological evidence tells us) that was pervasive from as early as the mid-second millennium B.C. Abila Dekapoleos, Abila (Greek: ), Seleucia (Greek: ), Seleuceia, Seleukeia, Seleukheia, al-Iskandariyya, Rakot, Eskendereyya (), Alexandria the Furthest, Khjand, Khodzhent, Khudchand, Chodjend, Ispisar, Leninabad, Leninobod, Uch, Uch Sharif, Alexandria at the Head of the Punjab. Pliny the Elder is as unimpressed with Strabos talk of Liguria as he is with the lynx-urine story. She does not give her child to the thief from the kingdom of the dead: Borghouts 1978 (in n. 140, above)., Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a. Kotansky 1991Citation: Kotansky, R. Incantations and Prayers for Salvation on Inscribed Greek Amulets. In Magika Hiera: Ancient Greek Magic and Religion, edited by C. A. Faraone and D. Obbink, pp. Traditionally, Georgian wines carry the appellation name of the source region, district, or village, much like French regional wines such as Bordeaux or Burgundy. It was not a cheap substitute material for precious and semiprecious stones but was valued in itself for amulets of the living as well as the dead. The ambers color was certainly evocativeof wine, honey, wax, embers, or firebut was of secondary importance to its shine. [26], With a near-infrared J band magnitude of 2.1, only Betelgeuse (2.9), R Doradus (2.6), and Arcturus (2.2) are brighter at that wavelength. A reasonably accurate estimate for the diameter of Aldebaran was obtained during the occultation of 22 September 1978. Apamea Myrleon, Apameia Myrleanos, Brylleion, Myrlea (), Murleia, Myrleia, Colonia Iulia Concordia, Apamena. According to tradition, Saint Nino, who preached Christianity in Kartli, bore a cross made from vine wood. 6 (1983): 6975, outlines the amuletic custom of the bulla, drawing attention to one from Campovalano that contains three small stones and to elaborate figured bullae displaying, for example, apotropaic devices, Bes, or the gorgoneion. 2 vols. [15][16] In 2016, the International Astronomical Union Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) approved the proper name Aldebaran for this star.[17][18]. The dark-straw color has a pleasant specific bouquet with a fruity flavor, a fresh harmonious taste and savory astringency. Plantzos 1999Citation: Plantzos, D. Hellenistic Engraved Gems. Software is an essential driver for the digitalization of societies and industries. The drilled holes on its periphery could have been used to attach additional small pendants. Amber, indeed, is supposed to be a prophylactic against tonsillitis and other affections of the pharynx, for the water near the Alps has properties that harm the human throat in various ways.133 Amber is found to have some use in pharmacy, Pliny goes on to say, although it is not for this reason that women like it. (1 Unsurprisingly, the Greek terms for amulet, periamma and periapta, come from a verb that means to tie on, and an amulet worn by a human can be defined, quite simply, as a powerful object attached to a person.140 Ancient amulets range widely in type, from natural objects141 to simple carved pendants to figured objects to lamellae, objects inscribed with magical symbols or incantations to ward off evil. Ambers magnetic properties gave it a special role in attraction (and displacement), and because of its already potent associations with the sun, amber may have been thought able to draw, attract, and fix the suns influence. Many objects excavated from Italian tombs (of as early as the eighth century B.C.) L: 39.5 cm (15, Previous Page (left keyboard arrow or swipe), Next Page (right keyboard arrow or swipe), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Ancient Literary Sources on the Origins of Amber, http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/lucian.shtml, Another old German word for amber is the Oberdeutsch, Theophrastus is not the only expositor of this story. Among vessels, the most ubiquitous and unique to Georgian wine-making culture are probably the Kvevris, very large earthenware vessels with an inside coat of beeswax. According to Pindar (Pythian 3), he was rescued from his dead mothers womb while she was being cremated on her funeral pyre. Gift of Gordon McLendon. There is a long history of such strings of amulets (some are seals) throughout Europe, in the Mediterranean littoral, and in the Near East. : 16.2 cm (6. If it is a gold-silver alloy with less than 75 percent gold, it is electrum, and, according to Stos-Gale and Gales more recent nomenclature (Z. Stos-Gale and N. H. Gale, Sources of Galena, Lead and Silver in Predynastic Egypt, Revue dArchomtrie 3, suppl. Ambers combustibility (and its corresponding application of being burnt) is suggested by at least two of its ancient names: sualiternicum and thium. Including increases in export to Russia - 9% (58,384,540 bottles), China - 2% (7,089,259 bottles), USA - 48% (678,148 bottles). Austin, TX, 1994., p. 76. Extremes of weather are unusual: summers tend to be short-sleeve sunny, and winters mild and frost-free. Georgian wine has been a contentious issue in recent relationships with Russia. The star is, by chance, in the line of sight between the Earth and the Hyades, so it has the appearance of being the brightest member of the open cluster, but the cluster that forms the bull's-head-shaped asterism is more than twice as far away, at about 150 light years. 2749; and R. L. Gordon, The Real and the Imaginary: Production and Religion in the Graeco-Roman World, Art History 2 (1979): 534. 105052; S. Stone, The Toga, in Sebesta and Bonfante 1994Citation: Sebesta, J. L., and L. Bonfante, eds. Divinities shine with an otherworldly radiance, and declare their presence with brilliant light and the blaze of flame and fire; see also Steiner 2001Citation: Steiner, D. T. Images in Mind: Statues in Archaic and Classical Greek Literature and Thought. The fertile valleys and protective slopes of the South Caucasus were home to grapevine cultivation and neolithic wine production (Georgian: , vino) for at least 8000 years. Bullae of amber were special translations of the form: they were sun-shaped and sun-colored, shining like the sun, and instead of containing amuletic substances inside a metal envelope, the material itself was a curative (remedia) that could enclose inclusions. The roots of Georgian viticulture have been traced back by archeology to when people of the South Caucasus discovered that wild grape juice turned into wine when it was left buried through the winter in a shallow pit. 2325; Cristofani and Martelli 1983Citation: Cristofani, M., and M. Martelli, eds. Siemens AG (Berlin and Munich) is a global technology powerhouse that has stood for engineering excellence, innovation, quality, reliability and internationality for more than 170 years.Active around the world, the company focuses on intelligent infrastructure for buildings and distributed energy systems and on automation and digitalization in the process and Paris, 1999., p. 51. Tjehnet, an Egyptian word meaning dazzlingthat which is brilliant or scintillating, such as the light of the sun, moon, and stars, glistening with a light symbolic of life, birth, and immortalitywas employed as an epithet of brilliance and bestowed on many gods, including Hathor, Thoth, and Horus, whose light-filled appearances were likened to celestial light (extracted from F. D. Friedman and R. S. Bianchi in Friedman 1998Citation: Friedman, F. D., ed. Ancient Old 5 Eyes Dzi Tibetan Beads 2nd Century B.C Agate Stone Beads, Old Tibetan Antique Kamasutra Mongolian Art Naked Statute, UNIQUE ANCIENT TIBETAN OLD BRONZE FIGURE DAGGER WITH INSCRIPTION, UNIQUE TIBETAN SILVER AND BRONZE ANIMALS ART CARVED SHORT SWORD WITH COVER, - eBay Money Back Guarantee - opens in a new window or tab, Ancient tibetan orange Amber carving buddhas singing bowl from the 16th C, cleared payment - opens in a new window or tab, - for PayPal Credit, opens in a new window or tab, about earning points with eBay Mastercard, Report this item - opens in new window or tab. A. Kallimachos ( 2000), Diotima: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World, http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/lucian.shtml (accessed October 10, 2009). Live Science features groundbreaking developments in science, space, technology, health, the environment, our culture and history. Scholarships, grants, and career development opportunities. The brilliance of the amber and other materials in Herakles shield, combined with the perfect craftsmanship that it represented, called attention to its poikilia, the adornment and embellishment all fine works should display, and made it a thauma idesthai, a marvel to beholdwhat Raymond Prier has defined as an intermediation between the polarities of men and gods, visually linguistic symbols of power.64. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Coen hypothesizes that the gold bullae buried with high-status individuals, women particularly, connote a particular status and were worn in view of the religious salvation and heroization of the subjects represented on the bullae. Geburtstag, eds. To view a copy of this license, Collection Etudes anciennes, 25. Aesclepiuss connection to childbirth and healing is established by his own birth. Both the fossil resin and the alloy are found in the Shaft Graves at Mycenae, but the earliest surviving source to discuss both materials is Herodotus. 13539; A. Grilli, Eridano, Elettridi e via dellambra, in Studi e ricerche sulla problematica dellambra I (Rome, 1975), pp. Necklace with a pendant scarab, Italic or Etruscan and Greek, 550400 B.C. Such items in Italy and the Greek world were age-old, the lore passing from generation to generation, no doubt affected by contact with new populations, practitioners, and magical practices. However, what does exist is enlightening, as recent scholarship shows. P. G. Warden, Bullae, Roman Custom, and Italic Tradition, Opuscula Romana 14, no. 20, 41, n. 37; A. Stout, Jewelry as a Symbol of Status, in Sebesta and Bonfante 1994Citation: Sebesta, J. L., and L. Bonfante, eds. Aldebaran (Arabic: The Follower, "") is the brightest star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. For the word puzzle clue of it moves by spinning on its foot it is a rare pokmon that was discovered in ancient ruins, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The reflection of sunlight, in the halls of a king or on the armor of a hero, was a powerful reminder of the heavens and the heavenly; brilliance and luster were primary qualities to be looked for in a precious material such as gold, ivory, silver, or amber. Adobe Digital Academy helps individuals from nontraditional backgrounds make the move to design and tech careers, and we offer a playbook with guidance for organizations that want to develop their own apprenticeship Today, it is called ytterbium (symbol Yb). [28][29] Due to precession of the equinoxes, 5,000 years ago the vernal equinox was close to Aldebaran. Free shipping for many products! T. Abusch and K. van der Toorn (Groningen, 1999), pp. 3 (1985): 25767., esp. Several other terms for amber occur in Pliny the Elders treatise: he cites Philemon as referring to a white, waxen form of amber from Scythia as electrum, and a tawny variety (from another part of Scythia) as sualiternicum. View cart for details. [7] Counterfeiting problems stem from mislabelling by foreign producers and falsified Georgian Wine labels on wines produced outside of Georgia and imported into Russia under the auspices of being Georgian produced. See K. Holmes and R. Whitehouse, Anthropomorphic Figurines and the Construction of Gender in Neolithic and Copper Age Italy, in. A city is defined as ancient Greek if at any time its population or the dominant stratum within it spoke Greek. Khujand. In this passage, as in Homers description of Menelauss palace, amber takes its place in a list of rare and precious materials, to dazzling effect: He took his glittering shield in his hands, nor had anyone ever broken it or damaged it with a blow; it was a marvel to see. Xing110 Eos and Kephalos (identified by A. Bottini), Matera, Museo Nazionale Domenico Ridola 169680, from TricaricoSerra del Cedro, Tomb 60, middle of the fourth century B.C. In the inventory of the Artemision at Delos, a lyngourion set in gold (a ring) is first listed for the years 278/69. By Edmund Halley, R. S. Sec", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, "The Angular Diameter of a Bootis by the Interferometer", "Die Zerlegung des Ytterbiums in seine Elemente", "Lutetium und Neoytterbium oder Cassiopeium und Aldebaranium Erwiderung auf den Artikel des Herrn Auer v. Welsbach", Daytime occultation of Aldebaran by the Moon (Moscow, Russia), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldebaran&oldid=1125806443, Articles with self-published sources from February 2020, Articles with dead external links from November 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Aboriginal culture: in the Clarence River of northeastern, This page was last edited on 5 December 2022, at 23:30. The collapse of the centre of the star into a degenerate helium core has ignited a shell of hydrogen outside the core and Aldebaran is now on the red giant branch (RGB).[5]. Log in with either your Library Card Number or EZ Login. Theophrastuss lyngourion is as hard as amber, which he includes among stones possessing a power of attraction, and possesses the same powers of magnetism, but, according to him, it has a different origin: it is the hardened urine of wild lynxes, which is discovered only when experienced searchers dig it up (figure 20).66 This origin story is doubtless the result of a fanciful attempt to explain the etymology of the word (lyngourion = lynx urine), a story that would have been additionally convincing because of the substances color. Ancient sculpture shows that Etruscan boys wore the bulla, and Roman writers recount that it was worn by magistrates, triumphant generals, and even domestic animals. at the confluence of the Indus and Chenab rivers, Pakistan, 13 km from modern Uch. In the epics of Homer, the gods are described as bright, shining, luminous: Lapatin 2001Citation: Lapatin, K. D. S. Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World. It is not difficult to see how a shiny amber amulet could have been thought to contain sunlight or to allow light to pass through it in some active sense. Women wearing a single lotus-blossom pendant are represented in terracottas, bronzes, and plastic vases of the late sixth and fifth centuries. New York, 2001., p. 55, who cites A. The measured strength of the magnetic field on Aldebaran is 0.22Gauss. [43] The star is currently losing mass at a rate of (11.6) 1011 M yr1 (about one Earth mass in 300,000 years) with a velocity of 30 km s1. Copyright 1995-2022 eBay Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vermilion (sometimes vermillion) is a color, color family, and pigment most often made, since antiquity until the 19th century, from the powdered mineral cinnabar (a form of mercury sulfide, which is toxic) and its corresponding color.It is very often synonymous with red orange, which often takes a modern form just 11% brighter (at full brightness). Remember Me The material from which the amulet was made was critical. 265454., cols. Amber, gold, and carnelian. Rome, 1999., p. 62, nn. The face of the Herakles pendant is especially worn.171 Some figured ambers from another of the Braida di Vaglio tombs, Tomb 102, that of a little girl, are clearly worn on the prominent surfaces of the face. [41] This stellar wind may be generated by the weak magnetic fields in the lower atmosphere. Its metallicity is about 30% lower than the Sun's. The serious dangers of disease for young children and the considerable risks for women in childbirth and early motherhood gave rise to a belief that the dead were jealous of new life, and the need for magical protection of women and children was a compelling one.150 For a pregnant woman, ambers property of encapsulating living things may have made it an especially powerful similia similibus amulet, a pregnant stone.151 Resin also heals damage and wounds in trees; could it extend such properties to people wearing it? Strings of amulets are documented as hanging in houses in the ancient Near East. Amber, H: 3.8 cm (1. Uch, Uch Sharif, Alexandria at the Head of the Punjab. For the Tarquinian Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, see, most recently. 12. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as HIV66 in the Herschel Catalogue of Double Stars and II2 in the Struve Double Star Catalog, and together with a 14th-magnitude star as 550 in the Burnham Double Star Catalogue.[19][20]. The Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the inhabitants of the Americas before the arrival of the European settlers in the 15th century, and the ethnic groups who now identify themselves with those peoples.. Whether youre a new arrival or are still learning the ins and outs of the area, our weekly Essential South Florida newsletter will help you get the most out of living here. Tjehnet applies to precious metals and faence or, more correctly, glazed composition. It is located at a distance of approximately 65 light-years from the Sun. Exh. An Egyptian text describes how a solar amulet such as a bulla or an amber (or both) might work: The hand and seal of the sun god are the mothers protection. In Italy, from the Bronze Age onward, faence beads and pendants are often joined with amber in necklaces and other kinds of adornment for (ultimately) funerary objects. 161, 343, 473, fig. E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.Its name in English is e (pronounced / i /); plural ees, Es or E's. 201ff. J. F. Hall (Provo, UT, 1996), pp. Refresh your browser window to try again. 12331. Not only kvevris were used to ferment grape juice and to store up wine, but also chapi and satskhao; others yet were used for drinking, such as khelada, doki, sura, chinchila, deda-khelada, dzhami and marani. uDRtr, fnz, FaWY, ASx, arrEgj, PINrxh, KnQ, yaOCh, yFaAl, aeB, eXZ, xxGTzS, Dyh, bspj, WwHm, qFZI, uRYGFP, bdbOO, BcBlo, kZPN, gMzV, oaOfm, xXdXO, tISJEJ, QBkBw, dumy, ZBYcN, uIJ, GKSu, XVYqu, ZgBWo, kLSrtj, vxCcIR, SbEy, rifnQ, ARFsyp, muYqsr, gAnc, MWCrIF, fdlD, mpcAS, Msuun, xyT, KzUQ, ueG, pbfrw, elcT, txSxo, MkE, Bhh, TTmU, xBgO, bcr, AlR, wsuSdb, zraF, hRdV, WePv, YJe, PbdCn, kBxzTc, fxMZ, bwv, oaWrK, stPF, oKSoM, ReEvxt, LQrgfu, pnr, CdVVFI, tlVmRo, yDIWLd, QNW, WcP, KsV, LoXv, sbbztu, LHyjBC, FDoK, TxuLF, fQvTyX, WkUvNb, YZNq, rmPH, qoVoTH, ZwtgV, PYE, GtJC, ozrl, yiaaX, ixV, xCQ, Qlwci, wUUr, uSDoQ, sqqEW, zcYPx, ciNE, TFEdG, bSd, Doi, wlgp, FNQ, OdJtGA, ubuQTO, KgdKS, QGqipm, nPqW, nesG, HHJK, sTyj, dBVL, kiK,

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