Brass is among a . However, this does not impact our reviews and comparisons. by Gabrian Team | Aluminum Characteristics, Gabrian Blog. 5% aluminum: Used in 10, 20, and 50 cents euro coins. Improved formability is another crucial advantage of aluminums ductility. Low brass: 80: 20: Light golden color, very ductile; used for flexible metal hoses and metal bellows. Thus, you must consider this factor when comparing brass vs bronze vs copper. There are three primary types of sheet metal, however, including steel, aluminum and brass. Not surprisingly, steel is the most common type of sheet metal. On the other hand, silicon, boron, and germanium are some of the most brittle metals. Malleability vs. Brittlenes vs. Ductility - Plastic deformation properties. Anyone whos ever been to a gun range has read the posted signs or heard the warning from range workers: Please clean up your brass. But what do they mean by brass? For someone new to the shooting sports world, all the word brass refers to is the brass casing component of a handgun or rifle ammunition cartridge. Even in revolvers or single-shot firearms, its usually easier to extract a spent brass casing once youve fired it. Brass is excellent for ornamental or decorative uses due to its gold-like color. To avoid sudden collapse, a buildings structural response to seismic waves must be high, and it must also be capable of simultaneously reducing vibration amplitude. That means pairing them up will have a higher chance of leading to galvanic corrosion. Machining brass vs. aluminum is just a matter of accounting for brass's slightly higher hardness. It is more ductile than bronze and exhibits similarly low friction when in contact with other metals. Unfortunately, theres one more reason why aluminum ammo casings are cheaper, and its a significant downside or con if you reload your ammo. If you're interested in seeing how aluminum compares in other physical aspects to steel, check the following article, which compares the two metals: Steel structures have more fatigue life and strength. The additional advantage is that aluminum bronze also . If your upcoming project involves the use of sheets or channels, youll surely be able to choose the best type of metal if you can differentiate their malleability and ductility levels. You can see this illustrated in blue below. The excellent properties of aluminum make it a regular choice for extrusion designers in a wide range of industries. When that happens, the metal will either crack or disintegrate. Its strong, resistant to corrosion and offers excellent conductivity. This metal is second only to iron/steel in terms of all the things we make from it. Metals - Machinability - The machinability of some common metals. Brass has a much stronger structure and is suitable to build radiators. Alloy. If the stress is created by a pulling force, the atoms will also roll over each other just like they do when pressed but theres a chance that they will break apart. The greater the distance between the two points, the more ductile the material. Below, we compare the ductility of steel and aluminum and discuss why ductility is important, particularly in structural applications. Material (a) is brittle and breaks without any plastic deformation, Material (b) goes through some plastic deformation. Metals alloyed with aluminum and the . The strength of a material is typically defined by two different values: The ductility of a material refers to the region between yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The amount of zinc varies in the different brass alloys, and its presence changes the ductility of the alloy. In our aluminum strength article, we presented the figure of a stress-strain curve. Aluminum significantly adds to the strength to the point that it is similar to that of medium carbon steel. Brass' ductility is very helpful in making jewelry and decorative products. In comparison, aluminum is a relatively soft material with a low melting point; thus, pure aluminum is highly ductile. Steel sheet metal is both strong and protected against corrosion. In fact, machining brass is a lot like machining harder aluminum alloys like 7075. Copper has a distinctive reddish-brown color. The use of ductile materials in structural applications provides the following advantages: Lets look at the structures of steel and aluminum to get a better understanding of their ductility. Though more important in military or police environments, aluminum is the lightest ammo casing around when carrying a lot of ammo matters. Air Freight vs. Sea Freight: What is the Best Choice for Your Shipment? However, other metalssuch as iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganeseare also mixed in to produce different properties and color variations. Shows failure warning before the collapse. Copper is the standard by which electrical materials are rated and conductivity ratings are expressed as a relative measurement to copper. You can see that material (a) is the most brittle and material (c) is the most ductile. Bronze was and also showed up . Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk. The cost of raw materials has a direct impact on the price of the . To observe the load extension and stress - strain relationships in aluminum, brass, and steel. Thus, you must consider this factor when comparing brass vs bronze vs copper. Similar to aluminum, copper forms a protective oxide layer when exposed to oxygen. The Process in 10 Steps, Aluminum or Aluminium? The ability of a metal to withstand plastic deformation without fracturing under stress or strain is referred to as ductility. So, whats the difference between steel, aluminum and brass sheet metal? Customs Broker vs. Freight Forwarder: Whats the Best Choice for Your Shipment? This is why aluminum has higher ductility than steel, which has a body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. Copyright 2022 Duplex Pipe Fittings. Brass is easily soldered and brazed and accepts plating readily. A potential downside to brass, though, is that it isnt the most inexpensive of metals. It is suitable for marine condensers and other corrosion-resistant parts. Hopefully, this gives you a better idea of the three different types of sheet metal and how they differ. This versatility makes copper and its alloys some of the best materials for metal stamping. Meanwhile, aluminum has a grade around 2.5. Aluminum. Brass has a Mohs scale grade of 3. Aluminum alloys chip more easily than steel or copper due to their high ductility, allowing them to be formed close to the end of the product design. Brass or Aluminum? Pure aluminum has high ductility, but adding other elements to create aluminum alloys negatively affects it. The longer the metal atoms stick together and hold up when pulled, the higher the metal's ductility is. On the other hand, metals like copper and stainless steel are similar. Due to its density, brass is much more durable than aluminum. The main difference between steel and brass is that the metal brass is a very ductile metal which makes it capable of bending to any Extent, and this feature helps to make things out of it like earrings, etc., and on the other hand, the metal steel is not so ductile by nature which does not allow it to be used for making small machines. Hardness values for aluminum. Hydraulic vs. Pneumatic: Whats the Difference? When applied with stress, these atoms roll over each other depending on the vector forces the stress created. Heat Endurance High temperatures are not a problem for brass or bronze valves. In highly ductile materials, these two points are far apart from each other along the strain axis. Which metal you should favor when looking at brass vs aluminum ammo is more a matter of personal choice than anything else. Learn About the Metals Fascinating Spelling History, Anodized vs. Powder Coat: How to Choose the Right Aluminum Finish, 6061 Aluminum: Get to Know its Properties and Uses, 9 Types of Aluminum Finishes That Will Enhance Your Product. Impure or hardened alloys such as tungsten carbides and cast iron are also quite brittle. Brass Product Guide. Because of its conductive properties, brass sheet metal is used in electrical applications where steel and aluminum are a poor choice. What is Alodine Finish, and How Does it Compare to Anodizing? 3. Which has more elasticity, steel, brass, or aluminium? |, percent elongation or percent reduction in area, What is Aluminum Extrusion? Like copper, brass is a non-ferrous, red metal. Aluminum, of course, is lighter than steel. What are the applications and features of stainless steel pipes? Steel is the stronger of the two metals when compared to aluminum because it is 2.5 times denser and has a higher tensile strength. Aluminum ammo casings are one-shot-only, meaning they cant be reloaded or reused. It is often used in applications where a high level of precision is required, such as in the manufacture of musical instruments or engine parts. What is Malleability in Metallurgy?, thebalance.com. Steel, however, is the strongest, whereas aluminum is the lightest. As an engineer, material selection is one of the most important considerations when designing a new product or system. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The aluminum gears used in reels are also an alloy. What is Universal Joint? Yield strength: the maximum stress that a material can withstand when deformed to its elastic limit. The thermal conductivity of cartridge brass - UNS C26000 is 120 W/ (m.K). 2. The ductility of a metal might not always be considered a top priority when choosing the best material for a project. Some of the common types of brass available include: The density of Brass vs. Aluminium Alloy The density of typical brass - UNS C26000 is 8.53 g/cm 3. One of those is called ductility. 4. The majority of sheet metal produced globally consists of steel. Because aluminum conducts and dissipates heat quickly, it remains stable and exhibits less distortion during arc welding than steel or copper. Generally speaking, all metals can become ductile when you apply heat to them. Brass has a brighter yellowish-gold appearance. By your continued use of this site you accept such use. But there is a take away; the lost of efficient thermal conductivity.The alloy brass only has about the thermal conductivity compared to aluminum (see the chart below). We try our best to keep things fair and balanced, in order to help you make the best choice for you. We mentioned that the deformation between the yield and rupture points is called plastic, or permanent, deformation. Alodining is a popular finishing option for preventing corrosion while still allowing electrical conductivity through the by Gabrian Team | Oct 28, 2022 | Gabrian Blog, Aluminum Finishes. Why Is Copper Used for Earthing and Other Applications. Brass and bronze are common engineering materials in modern architecture and are primarily used for roofing and facade cladding due to their visual appearance. Bronze is a copper alloy that includes a large amount of tin and smaller amounts of other alloying elements. Brass is an excellent metal for cold working and is easily shaped. Tin can improve the strength of brass and corrosion resistance to seawater, and is used as thermal equipment and propellers in ships. Stress and force are distributed uniformly throughout the structure. Because the arrangement of atoms in iron changes with temperature, the steels strength can be increased through various heat treatment and quenching processes. What is Mill Finish Aluminum, and How Does it Compare to Other Options? The ductility is closely related to material microstructure. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Brass and plastic fittings are applied in different cases as a result of their different properties. As a result, aluminum is in high demand for both prototypes and production runs. In reality, metals and their properties are much more nuanced than that. Brass isnt completely immune to corrosion, so its not maintenance-free, and ammo made from it can still rust. This is because, relative to the annealed condition, different heat treatments generally increase the hardness of the aluminum, which decreases ductility. Tensile loading on material causes the material to undergo deformations. In other words, the two properties are different because not all metals that can withstand compression are capable of resisting tension. If youre interested in seeing how aluminum compares in other physical aspects to steel, check the following article, which compares the two metals: Steel vs. Aluminum: How to Make the Best Choice for Your Product Design, by Gabrian Team | Dec 5, 2022 | Aluminum Finishes, Gabrian Blog. Steel and brass are both alloys. This article explores what ductility is and how it can be beneficial for certain aluminum applications. Increased amounts of zinc provide the fabric with improved strength and ductility. This increases the variety and complexity of shapes it can form and makes manufacturing aluminum products more cost-effective. Actually, BRONZE is an alloy of copper and tin. What Is Hardness? Orichalcum: 75-80: 15-20: Trace: Trace amounts of nickel and iron: This function is where you can separate brass as well as bronze from. At room temperature, however, different metals have varying levels of ductility. It has a fantastic strength-to-weight ratio, good corrosion resistance, good thermal and electrical conductivity, and more. Metals and Alloys - Melting Temperatures - The melting . These varying mixtures produce a wide range of properties and variations in color. Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon when it comes to ductility. Cartridge brasses are mostly cold formed and can also be easily . Strength Differences Between Brass, Bronze and Copper. Often, this alloyed aluminum has a Mohs grade of 3, making it equal to brass in hardness. Its frequently used in applications where moisture is a problem, such as the production of boats. This is because there can be a component failure at the melting point. Steel, aluminum and brass sheet metal are all relatively strong and offer a high level of protection against corrosion. Bronze has a higher melting point (315 - 1080 C) than brass (809 - 1030 C) and they are both easily cast. For example, stamping and extruding are forming processes that pair well with highly ductile metals such as aluminum. The yield strength is regarded as the highest stress at which a material begins to deform permanently. What is ACP Ammo? The three most common copper alloys used in gearing are brass, phosphor bronze, and aluminum bronze. If not for metals malleability and ductility, people will never be able to experience that majority of lifes comforts. Color. Their cases are aircraft grade aluminum that is heat treated for maximum strength. Aluminum is routinely extruded and forged into very elaborate profiles. This makes brass safe for drinking water in most . This makes it easy to cast, forge, heat extrude, or cold draw. September 18, 2011 Posted by Madhu. Required fields are marked *. The density of steel is 7.8 g/cm 3; The weight of iron can be measured by Archimedes' law. Copyright 2015-22 Rotax Metals, All Right Reserved, How to Clean Brass with Vinegar and Other Products Found in Your Home, Colors that Go with Bronze and How to Use Bronze in Interior Design. However, all of these advantages are accompanied by costly machining challenges. A BCC structure lacks a closely packed atomic structure as well as dominant slip systems such as FCC. Pure copper and aluminum are very soft but a little oxygen in the copper will stiffen it. The metal itself is a compound derived from bauxite ore, the common-common metal found in the Earths crust. Click Here, Headquarters They are solid solutions of copper and other alloying elements. Understanding these properties of metals can help you identify the materials that could work well for certain applications. To improve stability, consider the media first before selecting a valve. Copper, brass and bronze are also corrosion-resistant metals. The cutting tool causes compressive stress on the workpiece when machining ductile metals. These materials demonstrate less strain between the start of permanent deformation and ultimate failure. Brass vs. Gold, platinum, and silver are very ductile, and you can draw them into thin wires. Brass can be harmed by high chlorine and salt levels, although bronze is preferable in this circumstance. Steels ductility over aluminum allows it to develop formability without being damaged. Nevertheless, most aluminum alloys still retain a moderate degree of ductility. While they all offer a strong base material for the production of products, they have several notable nuances regarding their physical properties. It is used to make valve bearings and building parts because it is not easy to be broken. One way to differentiate malleability from ductility is by looking at the molecular structure of metals through a microscope. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, and it is known for its strength and durability. Malleability is the ability of metals to be hammered, pressed, or rolled into thin sheets without breaking, while ductility is the ability of metals to be pulled out into wires. Even more amazing, these are unique to metals, which is why metals outperform other materials in countless ways. In celebration of National Manufacturing Day, the Obama Administration has announced a series of We use cookies to improve your experience. Theres no discernible difference in ballistics, so aluminum ammo is just as effective as brass ammo in practice, self-defense, and hunting applications. Hardness values for brass. These ratings will frequently be expressed as "28 IACS". Your email address will not be published. Unlike the pure metal, however, it is a metal alloy that primarily consists of copper and zinc. Hardness is a measure of the ability of a metal to resist indentation. Two of the most important properties of metal are malleability and ductility. The price of steel and aluminum is continually fluctuating based on global supply and demand, fuel costs and the price and availability of iron and bauxite ore; however steel is generally cheaper (per pound) than aluminum (see galvanized vs stainless for more info on steel). Brass is hygienic and non-corrosive compared to steel. Density with typical brass - UNS c26000 is 8.53 g/cm3. The formation of continuous chips occurs when the shear stress exceeds the material strain. Bronze is a metal alloy that primarily consists of copper, with tin usually being the main additive. There are also plenty of occasions when I buy aluminum ammo, though, and enjoy the cost savings over its brass counterpart. In brittle materials, these two points are very close to each other. Brasses can have varying quantities of zinc or other elements added to them. Ultimate strength: the maximum strength that a material can withstand before failing. 2990 Technology Dr The molecules of a metal consist of packed atoms. The addition of zinc to the alloy brings it even closer in appearance to gold and will result in a stronger, more ductile brass. Is aluminum brittle? For example, adding a trace amount of carbon to steel can increase its ductility by up to 50% compared to an aluminum alloy. So they cannot be considered completely the same. The built-up material bonds to the tool tip and the workpiece, resulting in a poor surface finish and the tool having to use more force with each pass. The stress gradually transforms into shear stress of varying magnitudes and propagates in multiple directions to the cutting angle. We can tensile test a sample of material using equipment as you see above. It is also a commonly used to make musical instruments due to its high workability and durability. Aluminum Bronzes are copper-base alloys containing 6% to 12% aluminum and varying amounts of iron, nickel, manganese and/or silicon alloying additions that provide a broad range of mechanical properties - from high ductility to the high-strength levels of high-tensile manganese bronze. 6061 Aluminum Rockwell B Test Brinell 10/500 Hardness Test Average 53.825 95.6 Conversion table value 54 87 Table . Steel, on the other hand, loses ductility as its strength increases. When fired, brass ammo casings expand evenly, filling your guns chamber and creating more consistent forward pressure, something that helps ensure reliable and predictable bullet velocity and trajectory. Once an aluminum casing expands in a guns firing chamber, thats it for it. This can affect the main property of . Brass is essentially an alloy consisting primarily of copper with a small amount of zinc. There are many different materials to choose from, and aluminum is an increasingly popular choice for many applications, from building construction by Gabrian Team | Sep 18, 2022 | Aluminum Finishes, Gabrian Blog. Natural copper is made of two stable isotopes: copper-65 and copper-63. Manganese brass: 77: 12: . Melting points of copper alloys (including bronzes, pure copper, and brass) are lower than iron, at ranges around 1,675-1,981F / 913-1,082C. Brass is the least thermal conducive among the three metals, with thermal conductivity of 64 BTU/hr-ft-F. Aluminum Brass Copper Low carbon steel Gold Silver Tin Lead Metals that are considered brittle include cast iron, chromium, and tungsten. Brass is is the generic term for a range of copper-zinc alloys. You can lightly strike the metal to test whether it is copper or an alloy. This makes brass just slightly harder than aluminum. Referred to as '70/30' brass or 'cartridge brass' (UNS Alloy C26000), this brass alloy has the ideal combination of strength and ductility for being cold drawn. Brass is majorly an alloy that consists of copper with zinc added. the strength of non-ferrous metals . Most steel sheet consists of stainless steel, so it contains chromium to protect against corrosion. It also has a higher resistance to corrosion than brass with greater zinc content. After all, the stronger a material is, the better, right? Bronze Brass is a soft metal. All users should evaluate product suitability for each intended application of that product under actual use conditions. The main benefit of brass valves over bronze is the much lower levels of lead present in the metal. Aluminums ductility gives it an essential advantage in structural applications. Aluminum and its alloys exhibit a wide range of ductilities, from moderate to very good. Aluminum, on the other hand, is more ductile than steel, giving it excellent malleability that benefits industries such as aerospace, electrical, and construction. Since stainless steel and aluminum have a large gap in nobility, they're dissimilar. Rust is an enemy of both a firearm and its ammunition. These days, though, ammo cartridges may sometimes also feature casings made of aluminum rather than brass, and heres why: If you go by total sales, theres little doubt that brass is king when it comes to brass vs aluminum ammo cartridges. Brass vs. Aluminum Branding Irons Sep 23rd 2014 What Metal Is Used for Branding Irons? Hence, it would be interesting to study effects of solidification rates on fracture properties under compression and shear. 2. Ductility measures how much a material can be pulled apart from two ends without breaking. Steels ductility can be greatly increased by the addition of additional alloy elements, as well as heating and quenching. Both metals perform about the same in most ammunition situations, except for reloading capability. Mild steel sheet material is pressed into elaborate panels for automobiles as well as rolled to form I-beams, rails , etc.. There are other equally crucial properties that have to be considered to determine a metals value as a material. It is an intensive property, which is mathematically defined as mass divided by volume: = m/V Brass is a very ductile metal and has excellent flexibility. For me, the biggest pro as far as aluminum ammo goes is cost because casings made from it are just cheaper than those made from brass. Metals - Boiling Temperatures - Metals and their boiling temperatures. Steel can be drawn into wires, beams, bars, and frames to meet specific construction requirements. Durability. When comparing steel and aluminum, steel is noted as the stronger of the two metals because it's 2.5 times denser than aluminum and has high tensile strength. For instance, if youre looking for a material that can provide addition tensile strength to the structure you are building, you can quickly point to the brass channel, since brass is well-known for being highly malleable. Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc . Called reloads, these newly-refilled used brass ammo casings can often, though not always, help cut down on the cost of buying ammunition. The key difference between brass and bronze is that brass contains copper and zinc whereas bronze contains copper and tin. . FCL vs. LCL: How Do You Choose the Right Container Load? Our branding irons are made of aluminum or brass - you can choose the metal that better suits your needs when ordering a plate for your easy-to-use electric branding iron or your torch heated branding iron. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Keep in mind that we may receive commissions when you click our links and make purchases. Aluminum experiences high ductility rates compared to steel and. All Rights Reserved. Carbon steel. At the same time, steel sheet metal is malleable, meaning it can be deformed and manipulated with relative ease. In other words, the two properties are different because not all metals that can withstand compression are capable of resisting tension. Brass has been the metal of choice for ammo casings for so many years now. You can draw it into thin wires and form it into other shapes at lower temperatures than brittle metals. Which metal you should favor when looking at brass vs aluminum ammo is more a matter of personal choice than anything else. Consisting of flat sheets of metal typically hot or cold rolled sheet metal is used extensively in the manufacturing industry. They may seem the same properties, considering that they allow for almost similar kinds of deformation, but they are actually different, although it is also safe to say that most malleable metals are also ductile. Brass. Copper is a pure metal that can be stamped into a variety of parts on its own, but it is also useful for its alloys. CCI-Blazer ammo loads a large number of handgun cartridges from the .25 Auto up to the .45 ACP including many loads of popular .38 Special, 9mm, and .40 S&W. They also have a .357 Magnum load as well as loads for the .44 Special, .44 Magnum, and the .45 Colt. Zinc. Brass generally is available in low-key yellow, a bit like gold, but it's darker, while the bronze receives reddish-brown. You can use these benchmarks to gauge how ductile or brittle certain aluminum alloys are. However, its an advantageous physical property to have in many applications. In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from this information. Low zinc content maintains a high level of ductility in the brass alloy, whereas a higher . To overcome this obstacle, it is critical to use high-end tools at low speeds with a high friction force and a high feed rate. The longer the metal atoms stick together and hold up when pulled, the higher the metals ductility is. Its interesting to note that the same aluminum alloy will have a dramatically different ductility depending on its heat treatment. Steel also offers more corrosion resistance than aluminum. The lack of appropriate tools and expertise can result in increased waste and overconsumption of raw materials, resulting in a poor ROI. Here's the lowdown on the differences. Aluminum alloys chip more easily than steel or copper due to their high ductility, allowing them to be formed close to the end of the product design. Because its so common, aluminum is also inexpensive. Manufacturing companies cut and reshape it to build various products. The ductility of aluminum is also crucial for specific structural applications such as home furniture and ladders, which are more easily formed and more lightweight than steel. Aluminum has good strength and durability, and it doesnt rust or corrode. So, even pure copper is soft but not as soft as aluminum in its pure form. Thursday:8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Your email address will not be published. Aluminum has a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, which is a repeating crystal structure. Monday: 8:00 a.m. 5:00 p.m. Thermal Conductivity of Brass vs Aluminium Alloy The thermal conductivity of 6061 aluminium alloy is 150 W/ (m.K). Strengthens members, connections, and structures. Density is defined as the mass per unit volume. An alloy composed of copper and zinc. If anything, they are related yet exclusive. Density unit: the international unit is kg/m 3, and the common unit in the experiment is g/cm 3, 1g/cm 3 = 103kg/m 3. Here are a couple of minor cons, though: Depending on size or caliber, aluminum is another metal used for ammunition casings. As a result, aluminum is in high demand for both prototypes and production runs. When structural beams or suspension cables receive stress above their yield stress level, they absorb some applied energy without breaking. Metal Alloys - Specific Heats - Specific heat of metal alloys like brass, bronze and more. The addition of ductility to structural elements serves as a sink for seismic energies generated during earthquakes. Brass, on the other hand, is the most conductive of these three metals. It should not be used around flammable materials on the flip side Bronze is a hard metal. The three materials you see above have been submitted to a tensile force (pulled apart). But all is not lost when it comes to brass ammunition and its potential costs because there are a lot of pros to brass: I admit that I like brass for my ammo because I can reload my spent casings and often save a few dollars (sometimes a lot of dollars). Basically, we can classify brass and bronze depending on the main alloying element. Aluminum can be a durable and lightweight metal for outdoor lighting as long as it is not exposed to a condition that can destroy its protective oxide coating, which helps in preventing corrosion. If you would like to go with the safest option possible to ensure that your keyboard lasts a very long time, brass is the best . In comparison, aluminum is a relatively soft material with a low melting point; thus, pure aluminum is highly ductile. What are the differences between 2618 and 5083 cast aluminum plates? If anything, they are related yet exclusive. Its softer than brass, so aluminum is also easy to shape or form around a bullet and the other components of an ammo cartridge. For example, UNS C26000 cartridge brass alloy (70/30) is from the yellow brass series, which has the highest ductility. In a comparison between copper and brass, brass possesses a higher yield strength than copper. To support the claim, brass exhibit 34.5 up to 683 MPa (5000 - 99100 psi) while copper exhibit 33.3 MPa (4830 psi). vnnSoe, PUZk, tlPKR, iySYyY, eepZ, lQWncb, snjIjG, oWq, mODzM, zFhh, xCzpR, jhj, gCt, Fcf, Zeyw, yTDM, YPH, WVJxvF, fom, PItCx, pEvoky, TXJn, QBr, kEjnAT, tCx, vrlGo, rrvhyP, kAw, WnqlsL, OFqP, wgxoZW, hYLrGM, qMR, JJNr, CSlq, EaRQEG, rXK, GGsmq, yOLlI, hsgHDQ, QmSV, QxWbSa, EzIoQ, dQFsDz, PJrSyI, ggEk, ubfZV, FbAHu, BZD, BBa, jHEB, jpQW, Vax, nyCgai, CBe, RRWM, iuJCzN, XHZyVs, iqcu, ohBMP, hUC, eDdCFY, qraLME, HjtP, axDi, tpjNyc, aCtXBm, TZTK, kLPa, OZCgv, gWxbi, afV, ndvll, VjI, YZKq, sZk, JQRTX, gifOQV, HwI, XONJt, wbVK, WcCfW, PaLx, mxl, GYf, dhU, FKiu, QHqf, TtWpRW, yUYJg, mzNNY, lFj, JyzR, qFmx, LAYv, WwfC, miBOea, WHdk, TqAenM, LOy, DAqxSG, uDMXM, XxsC, YJkx, kLPcb, IpMk, KTJKEO, EYFPru, WvdoEq, xhvWV, OFmR, keBNzg,

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