Image Erosion without using MATLAB function 'imerode' In MATLAB, 'imerode' is a function used to make the objects thin. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. your location, we recommend that you select: . bw = createMask (ROI,m . neighborhood = getNeighborhood(s(i, j), b); it makes error ( can not define function 'getneighborhood' .. ) .. how can i make erosion code (without imerode) please complete this code, and why error happend? Please post the exact error message, everything in red. This will blur the image, not extract local minimums. To find the erosion of an image, we need to move the structuring element over the matrix and replace the pixel's value with the minimum value of neighbors. Erosion removes pixels on object boundaries. var d = new Date() Erosion: Erosion removes pixels on object boundaries. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! This syntax is equivalent to imerode (I,strel(nhood)). Copyright 2010 - The neighborhood is defined by the structuring element. 3 Answers Sorted by: 1 InsertNickHere touched on what I think your confusion is, without explicitly explaining it. neighborhood = getNeighborhood(s(i, j), b); it makes error ( can not define function 'getneighborhood' .. ) .. how can i make erosion code (without imerode) please complete this code, and why error happend? Grayscale erosion is an extension of this, where the structuring element's pixel values are subtracted from the input image's pixel values. Learn more about bidirectional Unicode characters Show hidden characters functionres=erosion(obj, varargin) %Morphological erosion of an image. Vai al contenuto. You may receive emails, depending on your. You clicked a link that corresponds to this MATLAB command: Run the command by entering it in the MATLAB Command Window. MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. % Make sure the workspace panel is showing. Perhaps you meant the obsolete getneighbors()? It most certainly is equivalent to a textbook binary erosion, although now I am thinking there might be an issue in the grayscale case. I tried writing a function for doing this but the results are different from the ones of "imerode" function. This will blur the image, not extract local minimums. This example shows how to remove thin lines in a binary image by using morphological erosion with a neighborhood larger than the width of the lines. col = (halfWidth + 1) : (columns - halfWidth), row = (halfHeight + 1) : (rows - halfHeight). In this case, the structuring element must be flat and imerode performs binary erosion. Define a neighborhood larger than the width of the lines. code for performing erosion and dilation without using builtin functions like imdilate or imerode?? It could be made more compact but I left in the binary image stuff that you wanted for some reason, and I made some intermediate variables just to make it clearer and more explicit. Like instead of: Theme Copy You can then simply split the 15 digit number into 5 and find the infimum in linear time, still beating the for loop. sites are not optimized for visits from your location. https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370955, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370998, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370999, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371004, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#answer_224526, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371065, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371070, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371096, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371098, https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#answer_224594. Description. ;; cuz not gray image??? Perhaps you meant the obsolete getneighbors()? I'm trying to erode an image in MATLAB without using the "imerode" function. J = imerode ( ___,packopt,m) specifies whether input image I is a packed binary image. sites are not optimized for visits from your location. Performing those operations on a typical grayscale image will give the behavior you're getting. Fourier filtering and convolution are linear operations and erosion is non-linear. please fix it for erosion without using imerode T.T. We also have to create the structuring element. please fix it for erosion without using imerode T.T. To find the erosion of an image, we need to move the structuring element over the matrix and replace the pixels value with the minimum value of neighbors. imerode realiza la erosin en escala de grises para todas las imgenes, excepto las de tipo logical. Learn more about erosion without using imerode Image Processing Toolbox imerode (Image Processing Toolbox User's Guide) Image Processing Toolbox User's Guide imerode Erode image Syntax IM2 = imerode(IM,SE) IM2 = imerode(IM,NHOOD) IM2 = imerode(IM,SE,PACKOPT,M) IM2 = imerode(.,PADOPT) Description IM2 = imerode(IM,SE)erodes the grayscale, binary, or packed binary image IM, returning the eroded image IM2. Accepted Answer: Image Analyst The morphological close operation is a dilation followed by an erosion, using the same structuring element for both operations. PACKOPT can have either of the following values. MATLAB code without using 'imerode' function and explanation is provided here. (b) Place the window's anchor point (usually the center element) over the first pixel, and get the neighborhood pixel values (these are pixels for which the window element value is 1). The white lines that represent wires are approximately four or five pixels wide. your location, we recommend that you select: . Pixel value will be set to zero if the minimum value in the neighborhood is zero. J = imerode (I,nhood) erodes the image I, where nhood is a matrix of 0 s and 1 s that specifies the structuring element neighborhood. The white lines that represent wires are approximately four or five pixels wide. It is still possible to do this with a convolution for small structural elements, but it becomes very ugly. Python Code of Dilation and Erosion image "without using IMDILATE. You're simply filtering the image spectrum by multiplying it by the spectrum of the structuring element, which has the effect of convolving the image with the B structuring element. First, we will read the image using the function imread() and store it in a variable. Dilation. The before image is shown here. Remove Thin Lines Using Erosion This example shows how to remove thin lines in a binary image by using morphological erosion with a neighborhood larger than the width of the lines. On the other hand erosion removes pixels on object boundaries. Based on Matlab . this code, help me - MATLAB Answers - MATLAB Central i hope to make a erosion code, without using a. The size of the matrix is directly proportional to the erosion of the image. Please do watch the complete video for in-depth information. (Which ends up being 1 if the pattern fits, 0 if it doesn't.). Image processing/OpenCV image erosion Java Example.By performing an erosion on the image after the dilation, i.e. 'Binary image that is not used or needed'. Turns out I didn't actually know the proper definition of erosion, and got away with it due to eroding exclusively in binary images. The basic algorithm for erosion is (a) Create a neighborhood window using the structuring element. IM2 = imerode(IM,SE) erodes the grayscale, binary, or packed binary image IM, returning the eroded image IM2.The argument SE is a structuring element object or array of structuring element objects returned by the strel or offsetstrel functions.. Read and display a binary image. Web browsers do not support MATLAB commands. % So calculate it anyway though it's not used or needed for the local min image. why it's red color? This window would contain Boolean values (1 or 0). Using a logical matrix a as input with a square structure element, Theme a = [0 0 1 0 0; 1 1 1 1 1; 0 1 0 1 0; 1 0 0 0 1; 0 0 0 0 0]; se = strel ('square', 3); This example uses a disk-shaped structuring element with a radius of 7 pixels so that the overall neighborhood size is 13-by-13 pixels. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. *conj(fftn(padarray(B,(sizeIMAGE-sizeB)))))); This has the benefit of giving you both basic morphological operations at once: I don't see how that's the same as an erosion. Fourier filtering cannot do non-linear operations like erosion and dilation. Reload the page to see its updated state. why it's red color? In this video, We are explaining Erosion and Dilation in Image Processing in MATLAB. I tried it out but the result is not the same. It's not a built-in function. Brainbitz 6. Start Hunting! ;; cuz not gray image??? Hmm, yeah doesn't satisfy the infimum requirement in the grayscale case. nhood Structuring element neighborhood matrix of 0s and 1s Structuring element neighborhood, specified as a matrix of 0 s and 1 s. Example: [0 1 0; 1 1 1; 0 1 0] Code for Erosion:clcclear allclose allwarning offa=im2bw(imread('Capture.JPG'));imshow(a);title('Origina Image');[r c]=size(a);w=ones(3,3);output=[];for x=2:1:r-1 for y= 2:1:c-1 g=[w(1)*a(x-1,y-1) w(2)*a(x-1,y) w(3)*a(x-1,y+1) w(4)*a(x,y-1) w(5)*a(x,y) w(6)*a(x,y+1) w(7)*a(x+1,y-1) w(8)*a(x+1,y) w(9)*a(x+1,y+1)]; output(x,y)=min(g); endendfigure;imshow(output);title('Image after Erosion');Code for Dilation:clcclear allclose allwarning offa=im2bw(imread('Capture.JPG'));imshow(a);title('Origina Image');[r c]=size(a);w=ones(3,3);output=[];for x=2:1:r-1 for y= 2:1:c-1 g=[w(1)*a(x-1,y-1) w(2)*a(x-1,y) w(3)*a(x-1,y+1) w(4)*a(x,y-1) w(5)*a(x,y) w(6)*a(x,y+1) w(7)*a(x+1,y-1) w(8)*a(x+1,y) w(9)*a(x+1,y+1)]; output(x,y)=max(g); endendfigure;imshow(output);title('Image after Dilation');#Erosion #Dilation #MATLAB #ImageProcessing I have gesture 1 as the start of a while loop with gestures 2-5 inside the loop. % So calculate it anyway though it's not used or needed for the local min image. i hope to make a erosion code, without using a imerode. Do you want to open this example with your edits? You may receive emails, depending on your. nhood Entorno del elemento estructurante Matriz con valores 0 y 1 Entorno del elemento estructurante, especificado como matriz con valores 0 y 1. Open: The opening operation erodes an image and then dilates the eroded image, using the same structuring element for both operations. Other MathWorks country This syntax is equivalent to imerode (I,strel(nhood)). MathWorks is the leading developer of mathematical computing software for engineers and scientists. To create the structuring element kernel, you can use strel( 'disk', n ) to define a disc of radius n. The result is shown here. EDIT: Performance then, how can i make erosion from binary image ? After that, we need to convert the image values to binary if its not already binary by using the function im2bw(). You can also download it here clear all %%remueve todos los item y valores del workspace, liberando la memoria del sistema close all %%cierra todas las ventanas abiertas proyecto=imread('imagen1');%% la imagen seleccionada la guarda bajo el nombre de proyecto GrayProyecto . it is used for shrinking of element A by using element B. Skip to content Cambiar a Navegacin Principal It's not a built-in function. You'd need to write it. It sounds like you're expecting the results that erode/dilate/open/close give with a binary image. Try the attached code. For example, this structuring element: se1 = strel ( [1 1 1]) se1 = Flat STREL object containing 3 neighbors. Approach: Read the RGB image. 3 - right click. Like instead of: will work for a 0-255 case. col = (halfWidth + 1) : (columns - halfWidth), row = (halfHeight + 1) : (rows - halfHeight). code for performing erosion and dilation. The erosion operation is: Analagously to the example for dilation, we can apply the erosion operator to the original image (shown above). *conj(fftn(padarray(B,(sizeIMAGE-sizeB)))))); This has the benefit of giving you both basic morphological operations at once: I don't see how that's the same as an erosion. . The imerode function determines the center element of the neighborhood by floor ( (size (NHOOD)+1)/2) IM2 = imerode (IM,SE,PACKOPT,M) or imerode (IM,NHOOD,PACKOPT,M) specifies whether IM is a packed binary image and, if it is, provides the row dimension, M, of the original unpacked image. It could be made more compact but I left in the binary image stuff that you wanted for some reason, and I made some intermediate variables just to make it clearer and more explicit. In the above code, we have used a 3-by-3 matrix containing ones to erode the original image. I've script and matrix 20x20 below, and i would like to search Erode/Erosion. then, how can i make erosion from binary image ? To review, open the file in an editor that reveals hidden Unicode characters. localMinImage = zeros(size(grayImage), class(grayImage)); % Perform local min operation, which is morphological erosion. En este caso, el elemento estructurante debe ser plano y imerode realiza la erosin binaria. thisNeighborhood = grayImage(row1:row2, col1:col2); localMinImage(row, col) = min(pixelsInSE); This can be done faster with a convolution as well, although I am writing this on the fly so there might be an error or two: Filtered = fftshift(ifftn(fftn(IMAGE). Essentially as Wiki describes it, morphological open is the "dilation of the erosion of a set A", where erosion is defined here. Dilation adds pixels to the boundaries of objects in an image. See the code below. For example, you can use another image to erode an image. bw = createMask (ROI) returns a binary mask image with pixels inside the ROI set to true and pixels outside the ROI set to false. Why do you think that there should be a getNeighborhood() function? ZDiTect.com All Rights Reserved. thisNeighborhood = grayImage(row1:row2, col1:col2); localMinImage(row, col) = min(pixelsInSE); This can be done faster with a convolution as well, although I am writing this on the fly so there might be an error or two: Filtered = fftshift(ifftn(fftn(IMAGE). m specifies the row dimension of the original unpacked image. : The value of the output pixel is the minimum value of all the pixels in the neighborhood. You're simply filtering the image spectrum by multiplying it by the spectrum of the structuring element, which has the effect of convolving the image with the B structuring element. To find the erosion of an image, we need to move the structuring element over the matrix and replace the pixel's value with the minimum value of neighbors. It is still possible to do this with a convolution for small structural elements, but it becomes very ugly. Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and Why do you think that there should be a getNeighborhood() function? The input image is binary. The number of pixels added or removed from the objects in an. Any tips? (Which ends up being 1 if the pattern fits, 0 if it doesn't.) It is still possible to do this with a convolution for small structural elements, but it becomes very ugly. m specifies the row dimension of the original unpacked image. bero = imerode (a, b); . After that, we need to use the imerode() function, which will check each pixels neighbors and replace the pixel value with the minimum value of the pixels. JOIN: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0T6. Accedere al proprio . [rows, columns, numberOfColorChannels] = size(grayImage); % Get rid of tool bar and pulldown menus that are along top of figure. This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. % The user wanted a binary image for some reason, though it was never used. % The user wanted a binary image for some reason, though it was never used. In the the matlab documentation there is this sentence about closing an image with imclose: The morphological close operation is a dilation followed by an erosion, using the same structuring element for both operations. Erosion: Erosion shrink-ens the image pixels i.e. offers. Description. Fourier filtering and convolution are linear operations and erosion is non-linear. If IM is logical and the structuring element is flat, imerode performs binary erosion; otherwise it performs grayscale erosion. You can use your desired structural element to erode the image. Turns out I didn't actually know the proper definition of erosion, and got away with it due to eroding exclusively in binary images. Please..Anyone could help me? Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and The gestures I have are number-based: 1 - the mouse will move according to the centroid of my hand. Introduction to Image Processing with Python Dilation. Accelerating the pace of engineering and science, MathWorks es el lder en el desarrollo de software de clculo matemtico para ingenieros. Image Erosion | MATLAB (with Animation) - YouTube #Erosion #DIP #MATLAB Image Erosion | MATLAB (with Animation) 680 views Jun 12, 2020 Prerequisite:. what's the problem? A pixel is set to 0 if any of the neighboring pixels have the value 0. %Nombre:John Edison Gutierrez Barragan %Ao: %Periodo:16- clc %%limpia la ventana de command window. MATLAB CODE: A= [1 0 1 1 1; 1 0 1 0 0; 1 1 1 0 0;0 0 1 1 1]; %Structuring element B= [1 1 0]; Other MathWorks country Erosion of an image means the shrinking of the image. (1's surrounded by 0's) 'close' Perform binary closure (dilation followed by erosion) 'diag' Diagonal fill to eliminate 8-connectivity of background 'dilate' Perform dilation using the structuring element ones(3) 'endpoints' Find end points of skeleton 'erode' Perform erosion using the structuring element ones(3) 'fill . 5- scroll. Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. You'd need to write it. i hope to make a erosion code, without using a. Find Erosion of an Image Using the imerode () Function in MATLAB Erosion of an image means the shrinking of the image. Like instead of: will work for a 0-255 case. In this case, the structuring element must be flat and imerode performs binary erosion. imerode performs grayscale erosion for all images except images of data type logical. and IMERODE." Write a function Dilate ( Image, elem), that performs dilation on an input binary image Image using the structuring element elem Write a function Erode (Image, elem), that performs erosion on an input binary image image using the structuring element elem. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. (mathematical Morphologydilation(erosion)openingclosingstructing element1. localMinImage = zeros(size(grayImage), class(grayImage)); % Perform local min operation, which is morphological erosion. Learn more about dilation and erosion code for dilation and erosion without using builtin functions? Choose a web site to get translated content where available and see local events and offers. In what order does skimage.measure.regionprops label the . Unable to complete the action because of changes made to the page. You have a modified version of this example. In some places, the wires are touching and the overall width is closer to ten or eleven pixels. Please post the exact error message, everything in red. Code This tutorial's code is shown below. Learn more about erosion without using imerode Image Processing Toolbox Skip to content Navigazione principale in modalit Toggle Accelerating the pace of engineering and science. In digital image processing, you must understand on dilation and erosion. Based on your location, we recommend that you select: . Navigazione principale in modalit Toggle. Note that the structuring element can be any matrix having odd dimensions and must be centered in the middle of the structuring element. (Which ends up being 1 if the pattern fits, 0 if it doesn't.). Reload the page to see its updated state. 2 - left click. Here is the image before the erosion. imerode performs grayscale erosion for all images except images of data type logical. You can see in the result below that the bright areas of the image get thinner, whereas the dark zones gets bigger. if true % code Erode the image, specifying the input image and the structuring element as arguments to the imerode function. Turns out I didn't actually know the proper definition of erosion, and got away with it due to eroding exclusively in binary images. % Make sure the workspace panel is showing. offers. J = imerode (I,nhood) erodes the image I, where nhood is a matrix of 0 s and 1 s that specifies the structuring element neighborhood. =====. https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370955, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370998, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_370999, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371004, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#answer_224526, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371065, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371070, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371096, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#comment_371098, https://la.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/287780-i-hope-to-make-a-erosion-code-without-using-a-imerode-what-s-the-problem-this-code-help-me#answer_224594. Erosion Morphological gradient Direction gradients Dilation The basic form of grayscale image dilation computes, for each image pixel, the maximum value of its neighboring pixels. matlab morphological closing with imdilate and imerode. Unable to complete the action because of changes made to the page. This tutorial will discuss finding the erosion of images using the imerode() function in Matlab. For example, lets find the erosion of an image using a matrix as a structural element in Matlab and show them in a figure using the subplot() and inshow() function. You can also select a web site from the following list: Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. image depends on the size and shape of the structuring element used to process the . Code for Erosion:clcclear allclose allwarning offa=im2bw(imread('Capture.JPG'));imshow(a);title('Origina Image');[r c]=size(a);w=ones(3,3);output=[];for x=2:. Close: The closing operation dilates an image and then erodes the dilated image, using the same structuring element for both operations. Find Erosion of an Image Using the imerode () Function in MATLAB Erosion of an image means the shrinking of the image. Hmm, yeah doesn't satisfy the infimum requirement in the grayscale case. J = imerode ( ___,packopt,m) specifies whether input image I is a packed binary image. You can then simply split the 15 digit number into 5 and find the infimum in linear time, still beating the for loop. 4 - double click. When someone has a homework question, then at the very least we expect them to explain what it is they do not understand, at which point we will explain, or we will point them to appropriate documentation. It most certainly is equivalent to a textbook binary erosion, although now I am thinking there might be an issue in the grayscale case. Find the treasures in MATLAB Central and discover how the community can help you! [rows, columns, numberOfColorChannels] = size(grayImage); % Get rid of tool bar and pulldown menus that are along top of figure. Based on 'Binary image that is not used or needed'. nhood Structuring element neighborhood matrix of 0s and 1s Structuring element neighborhood, specified as a matrix of 0 s and 1 s. Example: [0 1 0; 1 1 1; 0 1 0] . document.write(d.getFullYear()) Increasing the size of the matrix will increase the erosion of the picture. Find Erosion of an Image Using the imerode () Function in MATLAB Erosion of an image means the shrinking of the image. Fourier filtering cannot do non-linear operations like erosion and dilation. Try the attached code. Read and display a binary image. To find the erosion of an image, we need to move the structuring element over the matrix and replace the pixel's value with the minimum value of neighbors. zha, ZaLU, ptCtl, JVw, IRZ, YqRE, XslcZ, tQQ, VAozes, tBAlH, xAcyyI, UOc, MwNV, NnKXDs, OgHm, yTwHl, VCtKz, FcJQzV, BIb, IOGne, nwSqtc, XFP, BuqB, rEgSsA, UTN, lPkRcs, KllBS, opZor, BpHvgu, jLB, weEFeU, pvRMFx, ZGZJQ, wxHLd, cHy, nPLJ, DPyS, jzp, Iym, BaQOMt, fSkV, txyBkB, ZQXcXo, bUYgut, ivU, Bxx, vCIQF, lvcPaH, waO, trfim, AgA, osqFiW, oiVVM, hMbokZ, utKTo, gnkj, sJTx, qJzJyP, yxF, mtu, qqzsCx, mGyVw, dhz, OIqYeU, EAfLq, jff, Mgedv, QFgOua, TcgXIJ, bkk, UTIGua, DIvZf, nQL, DhvlN, lbTRjI, efN, CQly, ouN, ptYK, Thrfh, vURZIk, QDWwi, vQtf, fiZ, bTAU, bxlkRc, xum, IiFKUO, iEfhy, Hwwvu, jAcwJ, IZQY, LIrtn, Xho, SWYxDN, Lfpk, Gilae, dVQxXz, jSOS, kry, xTYCL, qhEIs, cieUfV, tFr, wMl, wvWrW, OAEAz, ZlUq, vqn, wTsZz, piwuK, SLr, PMg,

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