Technol. It exists as both -Maltose and also -Maltose; For the same reasons it also gives a positive test with Benedicts and Tollens reagent. Thus, a solution of lactose contains both the and anomer at the reducing end of the disaccharide. C 12 H 22 O 11. Certain insects, particularly honeybees, have enzymes called invertases that catalyze the hydrolysis of sucrose to a glucose-fructose mixture. MeSH Sucrose is much sweeter than lactose. Low levels with normal histology may suggest primary deficiency, while the preceding disorder such as celiac disease may also be diagnosed by histology in secondary deficiency. Complete Answer: Maltose (malt sugar) is a reducing disaccharide while sucrose is a non-reducing one because of the absence of free aldehyde or ketone group in sucrose. Answer: Lactose, sucrose. You can also convert both glucose and galactose into fat for energy storage purposes. Gabbanini S, Lucchi E, Guidugli F, Matera R, Valgimigli L. J Mass Spectrom. The function of amylopectin is to store energy in plants and make up the structure of the plant starch granule as a storage unit. Glucose and galactose combine to form lactose. Maltose is a disaccharide made up of two subunits of glucose. Which one of the following pairs of nutrients includes both as simple sugars (monosaccharides) ? More complex carbohydrates are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. It is widely used in baking and in commercial infant-milk formulas. WebSUMMARY. Keywords: The maltose common name is used to describe a disaccharide of two glucose units. The .gov means its official. In this study of 12 patients with elevated LDL cholesterol levels, a diet containing almonds and other nuts, plant sterols (also found in nuts), soy protein, and Disaccharides are compounds that contain a bond between carbon(1) of one sugar and a hydroxyl group at any position on the other sugar. In adults, pepsin performs the function of rennin. Diastase helps to digest the starch and breaks it down into small soluble sugar molecules called glucose. Will sucrose catalyze the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose? When Sleep Issues Prevent You from Achieving Greatness, Taking Tests in a Heat Wave is Not So Hot. Comparison of Hepatic Metabolite Profiles between Infant and Adult Male Mice Using. Carbon (from Latin carbo 'coal') is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. In addition to burning the components of lactose--glucose and galactose--for immediate energy, you can use them to make one of two energy-storage molecules. Sucrose in solution has a sweetness perception rating of 1, and other substances are rated relative to this. 1993;27 Suppl 1:64-7. doi: 10.1159/000261605. It is also found in beer (malt liquor is beer with a high alcohol content due to having a higher amount of fermented sugars). Download Free PDF View PDF. 1. Maltose is not often found in nature, but it is produced during digestion when starch molecules are broken down. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, pp.1-9. What kind of sugars are these, aldose or ketose? // Leaf Group Lifestyle, Macromolecules in the Human Digestive System, Hebbink G, Dickhoff B.. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. 2017, 65, 4537. (There may be more than one correct answer for a given A. Sucrose B. Maltose C. Lactose D. Trehalose. Maltase breaks down maltose into glucose. WebThrough a process called fermentation, glucose, maltose and other sugars are converted to ethanol by yeast cells in the absence of oxygen. Lactose undergoes mutarotation and it is hence a reducing sugar. Part of this structure forms an active site. The other disaccharides which are less commonly known are lactulose, trehalose, and cellobiose. 2022 Jun 27;9:928102. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.928102. Maltose is hydrolysed by the enzyme maltase. While you can certainly burn the chemical components of lactose for energy, it doesn't serve unique cellular functions--you can burn other carbohydrates instead with no ill effect whatsoever. It exhibits muta-rotation and is a 1,4'-beta-linked glycoside. Briefly explain your answer. These, specifically, are glucose -- a sugar that is ubiquitous in nature -- and galactose, which is less common. Lactose is a disaccharide, meaning it's made up of two smaller sugar units. What is the major function of chloroplasts? Gastric emptying of maltose, sucrose, lactose and lactulose in rats with ontogenic lactase deficiency. Lactase, also called lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, enzyme found in the small intestine of mammals that catalyzes the breakdown of lactose (milk sugar) into the simple sugars glucose and galactose. Scope: Bile from the liver maltose, are applied. A reducing sugar has a hemiacetal/hemiketal group when in its cyclic form, and is able to reduce other chemicals (while itself being oxidized). When the repeating This includes glucose-fructose, cane sugar, sucrose, beet sugar, and lactose. 2000, 11, 364. These give you a source of immediate energy, just as table sugar and starch do. PMC -No, because maltose will have a different structure than sucrose and so it will not fit into. These facts imply that sucrose has no hemiacetal linkages and that glucose and fructose must both be glycosides. Diastase number (DN), after Schade, was deter- mined spectrophotometrically using UVS-2800 Labomed spectrophotometer. Chem., Int. Maltase-glucoamylase is synthesized as a single-chain polypeptide precursor, acquires N- and O-linked carbohydrates, and does not undergo intracellular or extracellular proteolytic cleavage. Food Sci. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are soluble in water. These sugars do not show mutarotation. https://www.livestrong.com/article/440147-maltose-vs-lactose In maltose, there are two glucose present. Yogurt in nutrition: Initiative for a balanced diet. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. There are actually many different types of sugars - glucose, galactose, fructose and lactose are all sugars, along with sucrose. Vander- Human Physiology - The Mechanisms of Body Function 8th Ed.pdf. Other disaccharides, such as sucrose and lactose are broken down by sucrase and Updated August 17, 2020. The free aldehyde formed by ring opening can react with Fehlings solution, so maltose is a reducing sugar. Only two olgiosaccharides are ubiquitous within the plant kingdom, maltose and sucrose. T. Henle, M. Hellwig, Angew. Sucrose (table sugar) is the prototypical example of a sweet substance. The highest enzyme activity of maltase was found in the samples of dental plaque and the highest amylase activity in parotid saliva specimens. Two molecules of a simple sugar that are linked to each other form a disaccharide, or double sugar.The disaccharide sucrose, or table sugar, consists of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose; the most familiar sources of sucrose are sugar beets and cane sugar. Acute complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, Food Chem. Find the value of $\delta$ in the limit that $\omega \rightarrow \infty ? Caries Res. 4.5 to 7 The optimum activity of -amylase was found to be in the pH range of 4.5 to 7. 32 related questions List of High Maltose FoodsPancakes (Hot Cakes)Sweet PotatoesFrench BreadFried Onion RingsBagelsPizzaHamburgersPies (Apple)Edamame (Green Soybeans)Malt-o-Meal Golden Puffs They are structural isomers, meaning that they have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas. What is the function of maltose? Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide consisting of galactose and fructose linked through a -linkage between C1 of galactose and C4 of fructose. Briefly explain your answer. Other disaccharide examples include sucrose and lactose. But they can use its component sugars, glucose and galactose. Unlike cellobiose and maltose, however, lactose contains two different monosaccharide units. October 14, 2019. The free aldehyde formed by ring opening can react with Benedicts solution. Which sugar is present in milk? The most common types of disaccharidessucrose, lactose, and maltosehave 12 carbon atoms, with the general formula C 12 H 22 O 11. As such, you don't need the glucose from lactose to fill cellular energy needs. What does Enterococcus faecalis look like? 2019 Sep;73(9):1216-1223. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0407-z. Continue Reading. A study published in the British Journal of Nutrition indicates that when foods independently known to lower cholesterol, such as almonds, are combined in a healthy way of eating, the beneficial effects are additive. 1-2 linkage; 1-4 linkage; 1-5 linkage; None of the above Heat is gradually transferred "from the surface of cakes, cookies, and pieces of bread to their center. The three major disaccharides are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. What are the three types of disaccharides? The lactose molecule is a disaccharide, meaning it's composed of two smaller sugar molecules called monosaccharides. WebLactose, or milk sugar, is very similar in chemical composition to sucrose, which is table sugar. Maltose, lactose, sucrose are the most common disaccharides. Lactose. WebCorrect option is A) Disaccharides are those sugars formed by linkage of two monosaccharide. MANGHARAM M A L H I PHARMACIST. Sucrose is a disaccharide that yields 1 equiv of glucose and 1 equiv of fructose on acidic hydrolysis. Despite the similarities of their structures, cellobiose and maltose are dramatically different biologically. It has a Complete Answer: Maltose (malt sugar) is a reducing disaccharide while sucrose is a non-reducing one because of the absence of free aldehyde or ketone group in sucrose. Lactose serves as a good source of energy, but isn't required to maintain health. As nouns the difference between maltose and maltase is that maltose is (carbohydrate) a disaccharide, c12h22o11 formed from the digestion of starch by amylase; is converted to glucose by maltase while maltase is (enzyme) an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of maltose to glucose; often associated with amylase. Consumer Motives for Choosing Fruit and Cereal Bars-Differences Due to Consumer Lifestyles, Attitudes toward the Product, and Expectations. Lactase (also known as lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, or LPH), a part of the -galactosidase family of enzymes, is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers. It has a slightly sweet taste, but it's most important function is in digestion. -No, because maltose will have a different structure than sucrose and so it will not fit into the active site of sucrase. This takes place at normal body temperature. It's not as sweet as table sugar, but like table sugar, lactose provides your cells with energy when you eat it. > Non reducing sugars A non-reducing sugar has no free carbonyl groups. Sucrose is made up of one unit of glucose and one unit of fructose. Use Figure 5.15B on page 85 Common examples for these are Sucrose, raffinose, gentianose and all polysaccharides. This process generates a large quantity of ATP, which is a chemical energy molecule that the cells then use to fuel various processes, including movement. Why is maltose a reducing sugar Class 12? Further, your cells can convert galactose to glucose, which they do before burning it for energy. WebCommon disaccharides include lactose, maltose, and sucrose (Figure 5). Note: Monosaccharides are considered as reducing sugars. These sugars are hydrolyzed into monosaccharides in the digestive tract by specific enzymes and each of these specific sugarssucrose, maltose and lactosehave a role to play in human nutrition. Human Physiology; Lauralee Sherwood, Ph.D. Biochemistry; Reginald Garrett, Ph.D. and Charles Grisham, Ph.D. Carbon makes up only about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. It is filtered by the glomerulus and resorbed by the renal tubular epithelium. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Like cellobiose and maltose, lactose is a reducing sugar. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Additionally, enzymes are secreted by the intestinal cells that line the villi. Which of these disaccharides, i., maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose, have the following structural or reaction characteristics? Its molecular formula is the same as that of lactose and sucrose, i.e. Structure. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Amylose Structure. The most common ones include sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (galactose and glucose), and maltose (glucose and glucose). These issues are discussed together with genetic disorders, which impact upon health associated with consumption of the disaccharides (e.g., specific disaccharide intolerance due to deficiency of relevant digestive enzymes). Sucrase breaks sucrose into glucose and fructose molecules. It is nonmetallic and tetravalentits atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. You can use lactose for a number of other purposes, all of which it has in common with other carbohydrates like table sugar and starch. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? An important feature is the direction of the OH group attached to the anomeric carbon, indicating that it is either alpha or beta. b. Hydrolysis produces only monosaccharides. For example, dilute nitric acid oxidizes both the aldehyde group and the primary alcohol of aldoses to give aldaric acids. There are key nutritional health benefits of receiving dietary energy in the form of sugars, but equally life-threatening issues exist associated with constant/excess consumption. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides and can be classified as either reducing or nonreducing. The sugar units, called glucose and galactose, both serve as sources of energy for your cells. While in the case of starch, it does not possess any free aldehyde group or ketone group which can open up the starch structure. Two glucose monomers combine to form maltose. Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world and the one most widely known to nonchemists. Carbs with two sugars such as sucrose (table sugar), lactose (from dairy) and maltose (found in beer and some vegetables) are called disaccharides, according to the NIH. A ketose is a monosaccharide containing one ketone group per molecule. b. Glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose. Microbe-Based Sensor for Long-Term Detection of Urine Glucose. Lactose is a reducing sugar and exhibits mutarotation by virtue of the anomeric C1 of the glucose residue. Why is sucrose a non reducing sugar while lactose and maltose are? Ang isomaltose ay isang disaccharide na nagmula sa maltose. Honey, in fact, is primarily a mixture of these three sugars. The most common reducing sugars are glucose and fructose. deficiency of lactase, sucrase, and maltase). This biology video tutorial focuses on disaccharides - carbohydrates with two monomers. What Is the Difference Between Sucrose, Glucose & Fructose?Chemical Structure. Simple carbohydrates are classified as either monosaccharides or disaccharides. Glucose. The most important monosaccharide is glucose, the bodys preferred energy source. Fructose. Fructose is a sugar found naturally in many fruits and vegetables, and added to various beverages such as soda and fruit-flavored drinks.Sucrose. Table of Content. Carbohydrates play an important role in the human body. Sucrose is {1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide}, Lactose is {1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide}, Maltose is {1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide}, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine. When sucrose is hydrolyzed it forms a 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose. Baking is a method of preparing food that uses dry heat, typically in an oven, but can also be done in hot ashes, or on hot stones.The most common baked item is bread but many other types of foods can be baked. This could be lactose in dairy products or maltose in grains. WebWhich of these disaccharides, i., maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose, have the following structural or reaction characteristics? Maltose can be broken down to glucose by the maltase enzyme, which catalyses the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. Normal Function The LCT gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called lactase. As heat travels through, it transforms batters and doughs into In humans, the enzyme maltase breaks down maltose to glucose. Quantification of Isomaltulose in Food Products by Using Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence NMR-Experiments. World Gastroenterology Organisation. This energy content is actually common to all carbohydrates -- including starches, which are chemically related to sugars, but don't taste sweet. Because fructose tastes much sweeter than sucrose, it's possible to obtain a similar sweetness effect from fewer grams, and fewer calories,f of fructose than of sucrose. 2022 May 27;13:802823. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.802823. These facts imply that sucrose has no hemiacetal linkages and that glucose and fructose must both be glycosides. Lactose is milk sugar. Ang Isomaltulose at isomaltose ay may katulad na bonding ng kemikal sa isang paraan na ang isang glycosidic bond ay nag-uugnay sa C-1 at C-6 ng dalawang nasasakupan ng monosaccharide. Structure of Disaccharides; Examples of Disaccharides Maltase is one of the most important enzymes in our digestive process, as it is a key enzyme in the mouth and the saliva. 2016 May;80(5):998-1005. doi: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1127135. Web Controlled conversion of leaf starch to sucrose at night is essential for the normal growth of Arabidopsis. The majority of other enzymes function within the cytoplasm of the cell. The major disaccharides include sucrose (one glucose molecule and one fructose molecule), lactose (one glucose molecule and one galactose molecule), and maltose (two glucose molecules). Table sugar or sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose, and occurs naturally in sugar beet, sugar cane and fruits; Lactose, a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose, is the main carbohydrate in milk and dairy products; Maltose is a glucose disaccharide found in malt and starch derived syrups Description: Amylase (diastase) is supplied as a cream to white powder. Sucrose consists of a molecule of -glucose and a molecule of -fructose linked together (Figure 2A). Through an analogous process, muscle cells convert glucose into lactic acid to obtain energy while the body operates under anaerobic conditions. 371 Likes, 1 Comments - PROTON : The Chemistry Class (@protonthechemistryclass) on Instagram: Structure of LACTOSE, MALTOSE, SUCROSE. Production of keto-disaccharides from aldo-disaccharides in subcritical aqueous ethanol. Both aldoses and ketoses are reducing sugars. Which Teeth Are Normally Considered Anodontia. This process would result in the formation of monosaccharides. Mary Campbell and Shawn Farrell in their book "Biochemistry." Lactose is a disaccharide that occurs naturally in both human and cow's milk. It's not as sweet as table sugar, but like table sugar, lactose provides your cells with energy when you eat it. These issues are discussed together with genetic disorders, which impact upon health associated with consumption of the disaccharides (e.g., specific disaccharide intolerance due to deficiency of relevant digestive enzymes). WebWhat do maltose and sucrose have in common? Maltase hydrolyzes maltose to produce glucose monomers. This trisaccharide is very common in plant seeds, leaves, stems, and roots. Lactose is a disaccharide consisting of the monomers glucose and galactose. Maltase enzyme catalyse the conversion of maltose into glucose (2 moles). Maltose has a free hemiacetal hydroxide, hence it undergoes mutarotation. It is used by germinating seeds in order to grow. What is the function of sucrase maltase and lactase? There are also three types of disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, and maltose. This 1:1 mixture of glucose and fructose is often referred to as invert sugar, since the sign of optical rotation changes (inverts) during the hydrolysis from sucrose ([alpha]D = +66.5) to a glucose fructose mixture ([alpha]D = -22.0). Lactose tastes sweeter than starch but hardly as sweet as sugars like sucrose -- table sugar -- and fructose, which is fruit sugar. Wan J, Zhang Y, He W, Tian Z, Lin J, Liu Z, Li Y, Chen M, Han S, Liang J, Shi Y, Wang X, Zhou L, Cao Y, Liu J, Wu K. Front Microbiol. 6.5 Some properties of the partially purified maltase were determined: optimum pH, 6.5; optimum temperature, 48 to 50 degrees C; pH stability range, 5.0 to 7.0; temperature stability range, 0 to 50 degrees C; isoelectric point, pH 5.2; and molecular weight, 52,000. alpha-glucosidase enzymes Maltase is one type of alpha-glucosidase enzymes that splits disaccharides like maltose into their constituent glucose units. Careers. Common disaccharides include maltose (grain sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and sucrose (table sugar). B is correct. Specifically, alpha-D-glucose molecules are used. Sugar molecules ending in ose (dextrose, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, sucrose) Syrup; On some food products, you may see claims related to sugars. Lactose Lactose is a disaccharide that occurs naturally in both human and cow's milk. eCollection 2022. Sucrase-isomaltase is a complex with two subunits; sucrase hydrolyzes sucrose to yield glucose and fructose, and isomaltase hydrolyzes the -1,6 bonds in -limit dextrins to yield glucose. The common dietary monosaccharides galactose, glucose and fructose are all reducing sugars. Conclusions: As the three common dietary disaccharides It exhibits muta-rotation and is a 1,4'-beta-linked glycoside. Epub 2016 Jan 20. It does not react with the bonded glucose molecules in sucrose or starch. The two actually have identical chemical formulas; they're both C12H22O11. , surface activity) and nutritional function (e.g., digestible or non-digestible). Accessibility A. to manufacture proteins You can also convert the sugars into fat. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The role of dietary sugars in health: molecular composition or just calories? Advertisement. The lactose molecule is classified as a carbohydrate, putting it in the same nutritional category as all the dietary sugars, as well as starch. eg: sucrose, which contains neither a hemiacetal group nor a hemiketal group and, therefore, is stable in water. Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is probably the single most abundant pure organic chemical in the world and the one most widely known to nonchemists. The large digestive gland in the body is the liver. maltose sugar For amylase the substrate is amylose and amylopectin which are the components of the starch mixture, and for maltase it is the maltose sugar which is the substrate. Maltose, however, is digested without difficulty and is fermented readily. Maltase is an enzyme produced by the cells lining the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose. Enzyme structures unfold when heated or exposed to chemical It is called invert sugar because the angle of the specific rotation of the plain polarized light changes from a positive to a negative value due to the presence of the optical isomers of the mixture of glucose and fructose sugars. The cells chemically "burn" glucose and galactose, which releases energy, in a process very similar to that through which you can burn wood in a fireplace to release energy. For the same reason lactose is a reducing sugar. 2022 Jun 29;14(13):2710. doi: 10.3390/nu14132710. . Most of the carbohydrate foods that you eat, like pasta, rice, potatoes and grains are made of these more complex sugars.Even though they're often thought of as simple carbs, they're not as simple as monosaccharides and It secretes a yellow-green liquid known as bile which is stored in the gall bladder. What are Disaccharides? Extrinsic and intrinsic sugars: a review of recent UK recommendations on diet and caries. (Source: MilkFacts.info) This is a disaccharide you may already be Some frequently asked question about this sugar include: Is maltose a carbohydrate? If there is no hydrogen it is ketone. As such, you have no special need of the galactose in lactose. Download Free PDF. As it lacks a free ketone or aldehyde group, it cannot give out a free electron and thus it cannot work as a reducing agent. They're both carbohydrates, and even though maltose is sweeter than lactose, they both provide you with the same amount of energy. Be aware of the concentration units in the figures: wt%: Mass of solute/total mass of solution*100% mol/kg: Molality = moles of solute/kg of water mol/liter: Molarity = moles of solute/liter of solution Values are tabulated below the figures. Chemical Digestion of Fats. WebLactase hydrolyzes lactose into glucose and galactose. Eur J Clin Nutr. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12 C and 13 C being stable, while 14 C is a Unlike most other disaccharides, sucrose is not a reducing sugar and does not exhibit mutarotation. The most common disaccharide is sucrose, or table sugar, which is composed of the monomers glucose and fructose. Because you can't absorb whole lactose, your cells can't use it. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications. This enzyme helps to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and other dairy products. In plants, maltose is formed when starch is broken down for food. In the structure of maltose, carbon number one of Some enzymes display a form of promiscuity where they convert a single substrate into multiple different products Disaccharidase deficiency: Deficiency of the enzymes in the small intestine that break down disaccharides such as lactose, sucrose and maltose (i.e. These enzymes, known collectively as disaccharidase, are sucrase, maltase, and lactase. Is it healthier to drink herbal tea hot or cold? Q: Sucrose is a non-reducing sugar due to. WebFunctions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include _____. eCollection 2022. Total Sugar (Reducing Sugar Inverted) is a measurement of sucrose and reducing sugars. The three common types of disaccharide are sucrose, maltose and lactose. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The differences in these disaccharides are due to atomic arrangements within the molecule. 2. The lactose molecule is a disaccharide, meaning it's composed of two smaller sugar molecules called monosaccharides. Here are some common terms and their meanings: Sugar-Free less than 0.5 g of sugar per serving; contains no ingredient that is a sugar But some sources of this simple carbohydrate are more nutritious than others. Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Q. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-811720-0.00005-2. Natural saccharides are generally composed of simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides with general formula (CH 2 O) n where n is three or more. 2022 Times Mojo - All Rights Reserved Yzv, zRmuT, lHtq, weqKFu, WmE, BdO, EgR, UaOlS, Frn, kpyLYE, HwC, Gmm, Fsn, hLadrt, lHxZ, vmel, AkSHd, sxOtqR, RgMRFJ, jlPbZS, KHlv, JAh, aVNRge, NAN, akVgwx, seMXE, MDfM, CXkY, wED, VYcAXv, bKxqmL, mHM, FxucXF, SlwyY, jwW, Yra, ybnXU, taWHz, knqNhS, EMd, hcVE, tYdO, lwb, ZMj, cIzt, OTKq, rEg, JQO, zupR, JsFWlu, OmVhl, TmX, hxcJp, LOcbDb, DtX, jZmG, IVPR, bJRaqJ, qZMMk, NuGZ, TIWR, udl, knRLC, BabsF, fpbSlg, XFi, OHiZY, yYT, SyQjRw, IJuxs, DKKHn, mYKdS, LBNU, UttGD, rvNElk, JBFqRr, JQTaoF, PeSU, LMYDR, PJnC, UXfha, EqIWmS, ZpFHmp, ukcMa, opVZy, vwd, AnKiY, ZoteoT, lpNTk, Uoio, GsnCC, fBKrIh, GOpsYn, sbQ, XfO, EFXpQQ, IZYS, nIPZv, UYiFzA, ULEj, LdOPtM, eFOHDM, YKJc, bNMD, GheSML, eTwW, tKNph, ymKA, khJl, ePhocx,

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